International Institutions and Realism

Becky, Tam Hing Lui Prof. Chan Ding GPEC 5002 Challenges to the Global System: Insecurity of the World 17 November 2012 HOW CAN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FACILITATE COOPERATION? WHAT WOULD A REALIST SAY ABOUT INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS? Countries call for participation particularly during and after emergency. One model was the Bretton Wood framework made in 1944, with the reason to restore the worldwide economy after the genuine harm in WWII. After the 2008 money related emergency, countries again requested increasingly worldwide guidelines and observing on the worldwide budgetary framework and proposed the â€Å"Bretton Wood II†.When we step back and reconsider, does the universal system encourage collaboration between countries to comprehend worldwide issues? The school of Liberalism puts more accentuation on the job of global establishments. Robert Keohane characterized foundations as â€Å"persistent and associated sets of rules, both formal and casual, that recommend co nduct jobs, oblige action, and shape expectations† (1). By definition, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, World Trade Organization (WTO) are formal foundation while Bretton Wood Agreement, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are informal.Under the insurgency condition in the worldwide stage, it is conceivable to encourage collaboration through the foundation of universal associations by two explicit highlights: Centralization and Independence (2). It is the freedom and impartial trait of the worldwide associations that upgrade the authenticity of its activities, causing states ready to assemble and approve the global associations to incorporate the exercises and at last accomplish collaboration. This decreases exchange expenses and increment efficiency.Institutions organize exercises including setting up discussions and meetings, overseeing meaningful tasks, standard elaboration, impartial data supplier, going about as trustee/mediator, intercession and a uthorization (2). We have recognized 5 mark universal foundations (IMF, World Bank, Bretton Wood System, GATT, WTO) as models beneath to delineate how the direct of the previously mentioned exercises through the global associations encourage collaboration in the cutting edge history. (I) IMF, World Bank, the Bretton Wood System and GATTBoth IMF and World Bank were built up since the Bretton Wood framework started. After WWII, nations experienced poor economy as worldwide creation and exchange were hosed during the war time frame. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, nations endeavored to support their bombing economies by forcefully raising boundaries to outside exchange, downgrading their monetary forms to go up against one another for trade advertises, and reducing their residents' opportunity to hold remote trade. These endeavors end up being foolish. World exchange declined pointedly, and business and expectations for everyday comforts dove in numerous nations (3).There was solid normal enthusiasm among the states to help up the economy. To encourage exchange and creation, a stable money related framework is essential and this is the place the Bretton Wood framework started. The US started to lead the pack to balance out the worldwide money related framework by pegging USD into gold at a fixed rate (USD35/ounce of gold) while the staying 44 nations consented to keep their trade rates pegged to USD at rates that could be balanced uniquely to address a â€Å"fundamental disequilibrium† to be decided of installments, and just with the IMF's agreement.The IMF in this way turned into the free freeing house from the parity of installments and to guarantee the conversion scale component filled in as determined. Worldwide Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), presently the World Bank Group guarantee private credits to animate economy. Both the associations acquired the authenticity from their autonomy and impartiality subsequently had the opt ion to deal with the considerable tasks between states proficiently and successfully. Individuals in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) conceded to decrease in taxes and exchange hindrances among members.The GATT, in contrast to the IMF and World Bank, was not a free association but instead a discussion inside which nations met. This gives a stage to elites to arrange and agree and maintain a strategic distance from clashes and unfriendly rivalry. With the GATT adjusts held somewhere in the range of 1947 and 1967, most obstructions have been expelled and levies have been the least. With the Bretton Wood structure set up alongside the recently settled universal establishments which give free market, long haul capital and stable financial framework, worldwide exchange and creation detonated during the period.Over the initial 25 after war years, the volume of world exchange multiplied at regular intervals (4). This has been demonstrated as a fruitful universal collaboration in the cutting edge history. (II) World Trade Organization (WTO) Established under the Marrakech Agreement in 1995, the Geneva based WTO supplanted GATT as the focal point of world exchange framework. Its center standards are to advance market progression, non-segregation and give lawful structure to worldwide exchange. Same as GATT, it gives discussion to exchange dealings and oversees exchange agreements.In expansion, WTO additionally supplies system through which governments may resolve exchange debates, survey and spread the national exchange arrangements, give helpful information and data, and to guarantee the rationality and straightforwardness of exchange strategies through observation worldwide financial approach making. The Decision making process is straightforward, rules based and individuals driven. Every part government has one vote. WTO individuals have concurred that, on the off chance that they accept individual individuals are damaging exchange rules, they will util ize the multilateral arrangement of settling questions as opposed to making a move unilaterally.The Dispute Settlement Board comprises of the Appellate Body, the WTO Secretariat, authorities, autonomous specialists and a few specific organizations (WTO site). As per WTO information, world product sends out worth over $5 trillion of every 1998. In genuine terms, that speaks to a 18-crease increment more than 1948. Fares of produces were multiple times bigger than 50 years sooner. Over a similar period, world yield grew 8-overlay, and world creation of produces 10-crease. It is the free and reasonable dynamic procedure and the nonpartisan question settlement instrument given the authenticity of WTO to pull in members.The checking job and contest settlement system permit states to defeat â€Å"market failures† in global relations. Henceforth WTO can completely play out its capacities to encourage collaboration so as to advance exchange. From the above models, universal foundatio ns while keeping up freedom and lack of bias, advance states collaboration and accomplish targets by expanding the productivity of aggregate exercises, diminishing clashes, encouraging correspondences and arrangement and usage of understandings. Pragmatist a had distinctive translation in the job of these global institutions.Traditional pragmatists perceive that foundations are an imperative piece of the scene of world legislative issues. Customary authenticity evaluate the viability of foundations in 2 different ways (5): [A] Institution as instruments of strengthening empower hagemon to govern others and to oversee local and world undertakings more adequately and effectively than would be conceivable in their nonattendance. [B] Institution as imperative, for example, level of influence legislative issues and Concert discretion control and direct Great Power conduct as per the built up rules of the game. We will proceed with the case of 1944 Bretton Wood System to represent the ove r 2 focuses below.Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, the planner of the Bretton Wood System, was disillusioned by the last development of the Bretton Woods organizations, for Keynes accepted that the government officials were distorting the first thoughts. The last structure ensured transcendence of the US because of different reasons remembering accentuation for USD by connecting all monetary standards to USD, strength of US power in the weighted rate vote in IMF. Nonetheless, this is inescapable in the real factors of intensity legislative issues as US was the bank while rest of the world were the borrower and US was the main superpower at that time.This clarified the point An over that the hagemon (US) strength to control others and ready to deal with the universal exchange and money related framework all the more adequately and effectively by placing the states into the Bretton Wood understanding and foundation of the organizations. The US and different states were obli ged inside the understanding and checking by the foundations as depicted in the above point B. While US obliged different states by the ensured prevalence in the framework, US simultaneously was compelled by losing its opportunity on residential approach as USD is pegged at a fixed rate to gold.Neorealists will in general minimize the job of foundations on participation. John Mearsheimer portrayed worldwide establishment as â€Å"a set of decides that specify the manners by which states ought to coordinate and contend with one another† and cases that foundations â€Å"matter just on the margins† and â€Å"have insignificant effect on state behavior† (6). Auxiliary pragmatists in the Waltzian vein additionally gave little consideration to worldwide foundations. Neorealists contend that organization cause states to carry on in manners they in any case would not act, for instance previous present moment, personal responsibility for long haul network objectives (Jer vis 1983).In difference, neoliberals guarantee that foundations matter since they empower states to do things they in any case couldn't do, that is, accomplish shared additions from participation. Neorealists conceptualize establishments as imperatives on state conduct; neoliberals consider them to be empowering states to reach commonly helpful, agreeable results. Neorealists accentuation on relative increase

The Best War Ever essays

The Best War Ever expositions Snappy, what is your preferred war? In the event that you are in any way similar to the American masses, you are probably going to state World War II. During wartime America was viewed as at its prime. America industry was blasting, American warriors were the most grounded on earth, and the country was joined as an all around incorporated family. These pictures, which were additionally glamorized by Hollywood and the media, incited individuals to build up a positive perspective on the war for a considerable length of time to come. In spite of these convictions, World War II really was not such an incredible war. To concede World War II the subtle title of the best war ever, we should disregard the bombings and the horrifying taking on conflicts while misrepresenting just the beneficial things. In his book The Best War Ever, Michael C.C. Adams moves the peruser to scrutinize their considerations and encounters relating to America and World War II. A great many people don't have direct understanding and go just by what they have seen and gotten notification from the media, which makes the outcome a tidied up, cosmetically upgraded adaptation of reality(Adams 9). Adams endeavors to expose the fantasies relating to the confusion of alluring fight conditions, the best battling weapons, and an ideal home front so as to show that World War II misses the mark concerning being recognized as the Great War. The primary fantasy relating to the war manages the characteristically delineated upbeat fighter. The United States Army was thought of as the most progressive in battling capacity, weapons, and evidently held to a better quality of morals on the front. Since, except for Pearl Harbor, there were no fights battled on American land, Americans were not allowed the chance to see the awful conditions that troopers suffered on the front. The battle officer was constrained every day to watch his individual man battle to live, pass on, and later rot. Conditions for fighters far surpassed poor. The trooper once in a while ate ... <!

The Champaign Summer

The Champaign Summer I returned home last summer after my first year at Illinois  to work, catch up with old friends, and relax. I needed it. This year, however, I decided I was ready for a new experience: the Champaign Summer. I wanted to spend my summer here in sunny Champaign-Urbana for a few reasons: 1. To become more independent. This, frankly, is the biggest reason why I made the move to Champaign. While I enjoyed living at home last summer, I knew I was ready for even more independence throughout the year. So far, that has proven to be true in more ways than I anticipated. I’m now in charge of all of my meals (I was on a meal plan this past school year), my schedule (I often work from home for my internship), and essentially all other “adult” things that you can be doing at 19. Im no celebrity chef yet, but Im on my way. 2. Champaign is the perfect bridge between home and a big city. Champaign, to me, felt like the perfect bridge between going back home to Connecticut and spending the summer in a major city. One of my favorite parts about Illinois is that it offers opportunities year round for all students. For example, I am a business development intern at a startup website and am taking a few classes through a local community college. My roommate is interning at a Fortune 100 company in our Research Park, and another friend is taking chemistry classes through the summer options available at Illinois. Therefore, for many students, staying on campus is a great way to get ahead and experience our university in a whole new way. Research Park at Illinois 3. You can explore C-U a lot more during the summer. There’s a lot to do here in Champaign-Urbana, and most students probably don’t know/experience a lot of it due to their commitments during the school year. I’ve already taken the time to explore a bit more of the trendy downtowns of both Champaign and Urbana, our local nature (check out Barnhart Prairie Restoration), and some new restaurants on Green Street and beyond. There’s a lot going on here all year long, and summer is a great time to look around. Downtown Champaign Over the course of the summer I’ll spend more time delving into each of these topics, but I thought I’d start with my pitch for Champaign. Steven Class of 2019 I’m from New Canaan, Connecticut. I'm studying Management Entrepreneurship in the Gies College of Business and Political Science in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Ideas of Nature Versus Nurture in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein

When asked this question; are people born blank slates that are formed by experiences and their surrounding environment, or are we born with specific traits? This brings up the question of genetics; can people be born with evil traits? As Mary Shelley writes Frankenstein, we can see little details in Victor’s childhood that could indicate he was shaped by his surroundings and not born with evil characteristics. As children grow up they start to form ideas about what is good, bad, and right or wrong, just like Victor does as he admires his father and his job. Most children follow in their parent’s footsteps in some sort of way, and since Victor’s parents were shown to be noble and smart, he took this as that is how he should be. If Victor were born with negative traits, he would not have wanted to follow in his parent’s footsteps. The reason for him creating the monster was because of his surroundings at Ingolstadt. His professors, such as, â€Å"M. Krempe, professor of natural philosophy. He was an uncouth man, but deeply embued in the secrets of his science†¦ The professor stared: ‘Have you,’ he said, ‘really spent your time in studying such nonsense?’† (Shelley 51) pushed the new ways of science on him causing him to see the possibilities of modern society. The movie portrays this more than the book does, which is good. We see Victor’s professor try to keep him away from the notes and readings on how to create life; if Victor never saw these notes, would he have been able toShow MoreRelatedMary Shelleys Frankenstein1689 Words   |  7 PagesSon, Frankenstein. The novel I have chosen to discuss is Frankenstein. Written in 1818 by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein is classified as a gothic novel, however, Shelly uses both realist and non-realist techniques. I will be looking at her reasons for writing the novel and what influenced her, as well as the realist and non-realist techniques used. 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Nature represents the biological qualities that organisms inherit at birth, while nurture represents the qualities that organisms acquire Read More‚Äà ²for Me, the Story Is Less a Horror‚Ä ¶Than a Larger Than Life Gothic Fairytale‚Äà ´ (Kenneth Brannagh) How Far and in What Ways Do You Agree with This Description of the Text?1960 Words   |  8 Pagesyou agree with this description of the text? Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a novel which forces the reader to question whether it is a simple horror story or whether it is a gothic fairytale of many depths. Frankenstein is considered by many critics as the first modern horror story ever written, and it opened a whole new world of ideas for novels and has inspired many similar works since its publication in 1818. As we see by the prelude, Shelley’s first ambition is to horrify the reader as sheRead MoreEssay about The Reasons for Victor Frankensteins Emotional Turmoil1140 Words   |  5 Pagesand 10. 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According to psychology.about.com: The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest philosophical issues within psychology†¦nature refers to all of the genes and hereditary factors that influence who we are – from our physical appearance to our personality characteristics [while] nurture refers to all the environmental variables that impact who we are, including our early childhood experiences, how we were raisedRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Chapters 5 and 11-16 in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1519 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelley wrote Frankestein when she was 18, in 1816 but it was published in 1818. Frankenstein is about a man, Victor Frankenstein, who is obsessed with science and who learns how to create life and creates a being in the likeness of man. The being is referred to as ‘the creation’ or just Frankenstein. Mary Shelley was married to Percy Bysshe Shelley who was a Romantic Poet and a great philosopher. In this essay I’ll be comparing and contrasting chapters 5 an d 11 – 16 and exploring the language

Chili Peppers Essay - 1261 Words

Sometimes the things that irritate the body can be the most helpful to it. At least, this is the case for the active component of chili peppers. An irritant for many animals, including humans, the component capsaicin causes the peppers to taste â€Å"hot† (Mason, 2004). This aspect of the chili pepper causes the neurons to be excited and increases the sensitivity, which causes itchiness and burning sensations (Mason, 2004). These sensations are the defense mechanisms by chili peppers to protect it from being eaten by other species. So how could something that creates an instant negative response in the body be good for it? When extracted and used in a unique method, the capsaicin that creates a burning sensation can actually bring a better†¦show more content†¦The capsaicin treatment was considerably more successful than the placebo for both sections of participants. Side effects were seen in 54% of the patients using capsaicin. One version of this study was done befo re but this study gave a lower effective level than the previous study. This study is difficult to have a double blind study because there is a stinging feeling when the topical treatment is applied. The result was that for every six neuropathic patients, one patient would benefit from the treatment. For every eight musculoskeletal patients, one person would benefit. Capsaicin is a great last hope for those patients who have gone through years of pain and will go through years of more. Although the pain may not be completely subsided, the little amount of help is still more of what these patients want. In addition, a major plus side to capsaicin is that it is an over-the-counter treatment for the topical treatment. In conclusion, while there are other more effective treatments for chronic pain, for those whom nothing else works it is the best method, as â€Å"even a small reduction in pain can be beneficial† (Mason, 2004). What does this really mean for the patients of chronic pain? If there are better treatments available, why choose capsaicin? The difference between capsaicin and other treatments is that this treatment can be applied to the skin. For example, oral intake is an alternative treatment for say for postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), which causesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Red Hot Chili Peppers1622 Words   |  7 PagesRed Hot Chili Peppers A passion for foods from the American Southwest is sweeping through the country. The main component and most popular item of this fad is the chili pepper, an item of tremendous variability and a staple of many people in Central America. In this country, chili peppers were once only found in specialized ethnic stores, but now it is just as likely to be found at the neighborhood Kroger. For most people, however, their knowledge stops here. Through this paper I hope to educateRead MoreThe Insecticidal Potential of Chili Pepper Leaf Extract Against Termites1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe Insecticidal Potential of Chili Pepper Leaf Extract Against Termites Abstract. The goal of this research is to determine the insecticidal effects of chili pepper leaf extract on termites. Chili pepper leaves were collected then air-dried and oven-dried until brittle. The leaves were then pulverized and milled using the Willey mill. After this, the powdered leaves were boiled in water and filtered. After the preparation of the extract, termites were gathered in two containers. One of the containersRead MoreEfficacy Of Tea Tree Oil1722 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiment was designed to examine the efficacy of naturally occurring antimicrobials against common bacteria located in a normal human microbiome. 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There are also some main crops: barley, rice, coffee, cotton, sugar, etc. (Nichols, 1985, p.10-12) †¢ Fauna : Picture 5-1: Yucatan Mexican Hairless Pigs (hoobly, 2014) A large quantities of cattle, sheep and goats are raisedRead MoreInvestigatory Project in Biology1650 Words   |  7 PagesANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHILI (CAPSICUM ANNUM) EXTRACT An Investigatory Research Presented to Mrs. Presented by CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study . Capsicum annuum is a domesticated species of the plant genus Capsicum native to southern North America and northern South America. Chili has been a part of the human diet in the Americas sinceRead MoreParadise Kitchen1004 Words   |  5 Pagesline of microwaveable Southwestern/Mexican style frozen chili products called Howlin Coyote Chili. Before starting Paradise Kitchens, Inc., Randall spent 15 years working for General Foods and Pillsbury with many different responsibilities. 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Analysis of Meno’s Question to Socrates Free Essays

In Plato’s dialogue, Meno, Socrates is asked a paradoxical question about what virtue is by Meno. â€Å"How will you enquire, Socrates, into that which you do not know? What will you put forth as the subject of enquiry? And if you find what you want, how will you ever know that this is the thing which you did not know? † Socrates retorts that if you already know what you are searching for, then you do not have to search. Alternatively, if you do not know what you are looking for, the search is indeed futile. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Meno’s Question to Socrates or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, Socrates attempts to explain to Meno why it is that he will be able to find what virtue is by introducing the idea that knowledge is inherent in the individual as it is passed along through the soul. When Meno demands proof of this concept, Socrates provides an example of a slave boy using â€Å"inherent knowledge† to calculate the length of a square needed to double it’s own area. This experiment shows Meno that virtue, along with other knowledge, can indeed be discovered through the inherent knowledge in one’s soul, and only has to be â€Å"remembered† to become of use. When Meno proposes his argument to Socrates that a search for what you do not know is impossible, he is reasoning that if one does not know what it is they are trying to find, one will never know if they have found it. Meno seeks to understand how an individual can find new knowledge if they have no clue how to find it or how to comprehend the discovery of it. Socrates acknowledges Meno’s argument and states that â€Å"man cannot enquire either about that which he knows, or about that which he does not know; for if he knows, he has no need to enquire; and if not, he cannot; for he does not know the very subject about which he is to enquire† (Meno, Plato). Meno believes that this proves his own argument, but Socrates proposes an alternate way to attain knowledge. Socrates speaks of â€Å"priests and priestesses† who â€Å"say that the soul of man is immortal† (Meno, Plato). Also, he says the soul has kept all the knowledge from previous â€Å"lives† that it has had, and therefore knowledge is obtained through recollection instead of learning. Socrates attempts to prove his theory by providing an example with one of Meno’s slaves. His experiment is simple. Socrates calls over a slave boy and asks him about squares. The boy knows has some knowledge of the properties of squares including the fact that they have four equal sides, they can be divided in half, and the area is equal to the side multiplied by the other side. However, when Socrates asks the boy to determine the length of a side necessary to double the area of a 2Ãâ€"2 foot square, the boy mistakenly says 4 feet (which would yield a square 4 times too large). The slave proposes a length of three feet, but is wrong again. Here Socrates makes a note of the â€Å"torpedo’s touch† (Meno, Plato) or â€Å"aporia† (Aporia, Burbules), which means that the boy knows that he does not know. Socrates states that this state of mind is better than believing false knowledge, because one will know that there is knowledge to seek. Socrates maintains that throughout the experiment he was never teaching the slave, but only asking of his opinions. Therefore, the knowledge that the slave called upon must have already been inherent if he had not learned it before (since slaves had little education the boy was the perfect example for Socrates to demonstrate this â€Å"inborn knowledge. ) Socrates makes his argument clear: if the slave had no knowledge of what is was he was searching for (the length of the side), and the information was not taught to the boy, then the information must have already been inherent in the boy’s soul. Here is Socrates’ argument in Premise/Conclusion form: P: Slave isn’t taught. P: Slave has no prior knowledge. P: Immortal soul contains knowledge. C: Knowledge must come from one’s immortal soul. P: You do not know what you are trying to find. P: You are not taught what you are trying to find. P: Your soul contains inherent knowledge. C: You can find what you are searching for through recollection of the knowledge â€Å"stored† in your soul. Socrates’ proofs are meant to enforce his views that knowledge such as virtue must be searched for, â€Å"that a man should enquire about that which he does not know† (Meno, Plato). Citations: Burbules, Nicholas C. â€Å"Aporias, Webs, and Passages: Doubt as an Opportunity to Learn. † Curriculum Inquiry 30. 2 (2000): n. pag. Aporia. 2000. Web. 12 Sept. 2012. . Plato, and R. S. Bluck. Meno. Cambridge [Eng. : University, 1961. N. pag. Print. How to cite Analysis of Meno’s Question to Socrates, Essay examples

Privacy in the Workplace Essays - Software, Labour Relations

Privacy in the Workplace Joshua Reynolds Everest University Privacy in the Workplace Under what conditions, if any, does an employer have a legal right to discipline or discharge an employee for comments the employee makes about the company? Would it matter if the comments were posted to a company-sponsored Internet forum, rather than Facebook? Would it matter if the comments were posted to a union-sponsored forum accessible only to members? Why or why not? As can be seen in this article, issues of Facebook and Twitter and what employees can and cannot say on those platforms is a very contentious and unsettled legal area at this point. There are many companies that have fired people for what they have said on social media outlets. However, there appears to be an inclination on the part of the government to reduce companies' ability to fire people for these reasons. However, as is shown by the last line of the article, there is considerable gray area. That means that this answer is only a very general outline of what is presumably legal and illegal. The basic idea that the government appears to be going by today is that workers must be allowed to post things on social media that seem to be connected to efforts to reform their workplace. What this means is that employers are not supposed to be able to fire workers for (as an example) bringing up issues that workers have with their employers and for inviting coworkers to discuss those issues. Companies may not like this because it tends to make them look bad, but they are supposed to allow it. On the other hand, workers are not protected if their speech is deemed to be mere "venting." In other words, if a worker is just expressing anger over some aspect of their work, they can be disciplined or fired. From this we can see the problem with trying to really pin down what is and is not permissible. There can be a great deal of gray area concerning what constitutes venting and what constitutes an attempt at reform. If you were representing the company in this case and the NLRB regional director asked if you would be willing to settle the union's charges voluntarily, would you do so or would you insist on your legal right to a formal NLRB hearing on the charges. Explain your reasoning. Did the company commit an unfair labor practice by, discharging Nelson for her Facebook postings, denying Nelson an opportunity to meet with her local union representative during an investigatory meeting with her supervisor, or enforcing an overly broad blogging and Internet use policy? I would fight this because the company should have given Nelson a fair trial and allowed for the union representative to be there. The whole purpose of having a union representative is so the person that the union is representation doesn't have to deal with anything legal that is going on. I do think that the company may have gone a little over board with their actions and if I were Nelson I would contact a lawyer and sued. References: Holley, W.H. Ross, W.H. (2017). The Labor Relations Process. (11th edition.) Mason,OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. ISBN: 9781337521727

Description of Global Positioning System Device

Description of Global Positioning System Device Many computer technologies are useful in communication of data or information that is essential for decision making pertaining to specific issues or concerns. The major technologies that find relevancies in technical communication are Global Positioning System (GPS) device, MP3 player, waste electrical and electronic equipment, automobile jack, and camera phone. This paper gives a general description of GPS device to enlighten the general public and other interested professionals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Description of Global Positioning System Device specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More GPS is a radio-navigation system that is set in space and managed by the U.S. Department of Defense and Transportation. Image 1 shows the positions of the various satellites that constitute the GPS. It has been used for accurate determination of positions on the surface of the Earth (Combrink, Combrinck and Moraal 436). It was in itially invented as an enhancement system for the military forces and still serves this purpose as well as the others. Notwithstanding, it also has an adequate capacity to serve the civilian population in large numbers and variety of applications (Arnold, par. 16). According to Arnold (par. 17), the GPS is comprised of three fragments, namely, space fragment, control fragment and user fragment. The space fragment uses 24 satellites suspending in 6 orbital planes. Each satellite rotates around a 20,200km orbit which is inclined at 55 degrees, and completes the rotation in 12 hours. The configurations of the satellites in respective orbits are set in such a way that at least five are within the view of a user at any place on Earth in conjunction with Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) of six satellites or less. PDOP is a quality measure of the relative configuration of the satellites as shown in figure 1. PDOP is inversely proportional to the degree of evenness in terms of spacing around the sky, so that the more evenly spaced the 24 satellite are, the lower PDOP is. It can be said to be perfect when a satellite situates overhead the user with other three satellites located at 1200 intervals just over the horizon from the user (Arnold, par. 18). Combrink et al. (436) assert that thousands of stationary and mobile receivers also constitute the GPS. Image 1. GPS constellation; expandable 24-slot configuration, as defined in SPS Performance StandardAdvertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More (GPS Constellation (Expandable 24-slot configuration, as defined in SPS Performance Standard)) The decrease in precision defines a root mean square estimation of the affect that position solution geometry imposes on positions faults. The experts managing the system can assess geometry affects in four different positions, namely, time position (TDOP), 3-D position (PDOP) , vertical position (VDOP), and horizontal position (HDOP). Arnold (par. 19) points out that the GPS control fragment comprises 5 monitoring stations and 3 ground antennas, which transmit radio or other signals to receivers in the communication satellites in space or aircraft within the atmosphere. The monitoring posts adopt GPS receivers to track every satellite within its scope of view and collect assorted data from the satellites signals. The information dispatched from the various monitoring posts is processed at a larger station, Master Control Station (MCS), located in proximity to the Colorado Springs Colo. It is done to establish satellite clock and orbits profiles in order to update the navigational information of individual satellite. Image 2 a. GPS Block II/IIA Satellite. 2 b. Satellite operators at the MCS, Schriever Air Force Base (GPS Block II/IIA satellite and Satellite operators at the master control station, Schriever Air Force Base)Advertising We will writ e a custom essay sample on Description of Global Positioning System Device specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The user fragment of the GPS includes a range of integration and configurations architectures that encompass a receiver-pre-processor and an antenna to jointly receive and process navigational solutions to give a user positioning, velocity, and exact timing (Delaney 62). Arnold, James A. Surface Transportation and Global Positioning System Improvements: L5 and DGPS. Public Roads 61.4 (1998): 2. Academic Search Complete. Web. http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/ehost/detail?sid=35d51614-ed5c-44bb-a7a3-b70236f42dca%40sessionmgr112vid=1hid=102bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXVybCxpcCx1aWQmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl#db=a9hAN=345976 Combrink, A. Z. A., W. L. Combrinck, and H. Moraal. Near Real-Time Detection of Atmospheric Water Vapour Using the SADC GPS Network. South African Journal of Science 100.9/10 (2004): 436-442. Academic Search Com plete. PDF file. 14 Feb. 2014. ascau.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c9f6d8d9-fb93-45be-9bf2-03112b49735e%40sessionmgr113vid=1hid=102 Delaney, John. GPS: Yesterday and Tomorrow. PC Magazine 20.7 (2001): 62. Academic Search Complete. PDF file. 14 Feb. 2014. http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=13af7390-d31e-4162-9b49-11256c00bc8e%40sessionmgr115vid=1hid=102 GPS Block II/IIA satellite. 31 Jan. 2014. JPEG file. 14 Feb. 2014 gps.gov/multimedia/images/II-IIA.jpg. GPS Constellation (Expandable 24-slot configuration, as defined in SPS Performance Standard). 31 Jan. 2014. JPEG file. 14 Feb. 2014. gps.gov/multimedia/images/constellation.jpg. Satellite operators at the master control station, Schriever Air Force Base. 31 Jan. 2014. JPEG file. 14 Feb. 2014gps.gov/multimedia/images/2SOPS-crew.jpg.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Battle of Magdhaba in World War I

Battle of Magdhaba in World War I Conflict The Battle of Magdhaba was part of the Sinai-Palestine Campaign of World War I (1914-1918). Date British troops were victorious at Magdhaba on December 23, 1916. Armies Commanders British Commonwealth General Sir Henry Chauvel3 mounted brigades, 1 camel brigade Ottomans Khadir Bey1,400 men Background Following the victory at the Battle of Romani, British Commonwealth forces, led by General Sir Archibald Murray and his subordinate, Lt. General Sir Charles Dobell, began pushing across the Sinai Peninsula towards Palestine. To support operations in the Sinai, Dobell ordered the construction of a military railway and water pipeline across the peninsulas desert. Leading the British advance was the Desert Column commanded by General Sir Philip Chetwode. Consisting of all of Dobells mounted troops, Chetwodes force pressed east and captured the coastal town of El Arish on December 21. Entering El Arish, the Desert Column found the town empty as Turkish forces had retreated east along the coast to Rafa and south long the Wadi El Arish to Magdhaba. Relieved the next day by the 52nd Division, Chetwode ordered General Henry Chauvel to take the ANZAC Mounted Division and the Camel Corps south to clear out Magdhaba. Moving south, the attack required a quick victory as Chauvels men would be operating over 23 miles from the closest source of water. On the 22nd, as Chauvel was receiving his orders, the commander of the Turkish Desert Force, General Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein visited Magdhaba. Ottoman Preparations Though Magdhaba was now in advance of the main Turkish lines, Kressenstein felt required to defend it as the garrison, the 2nd and 3rd battalions of the 80th Regiment, consisted of locally recruited Arabs. Numbering over 1,400 men and commanded by Khadir Bey, the garrison was supported by four old mountain guns and a small camel squadron. Assessing the situation, Kressenstein departed that evening satisfied with the towns defenses. Marching overnight, Chauvels column reached the outskirts of Magdhaba near dawn on December 23rd. Chauvels Plan Scouting around Magdhaba, Chauvel found that the defenders had constructed five redoubts to protect the town. Deploying his troops, Chauvel planned to attack from the north and east with the 3rd Australian Light Horse Brigade, the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, and the Imperial Camel Corps. To prevent the Turks from escaping, the 10th Regiment of the 3rd Light Horse was sent southeast of the town. The 1st Australian Light Horse was placed in reserve along the Wadi El Arish. Around 6:30 AM, the town was attacked by 11 Australian aircraft. Chauvel Strikes Though ineffective, the aerial attack served to draw Turkish fire, alerting the attackers to the location of trenches and strong points. Having received reports that the garrison was retreating, Chauvel ordered the 1st Light Horse to make a mounted advance towards the town. As they approached, they came under artillery and machine gun fire from Redoubt No. 2. Breaking into a gallop, the 1st Light Horse turned and sought refuge in the wadi. Seeing that the town was still being defended, Chauvel ordered the full attack forward. This soon stalled with his men pinned down on all fronts by heavy enemy fire. Lacking heavy artillery support to break the deadlock and concerned about his water supply, Chauvel contemplated breaking off the attack and went so far as to request permission from Chetwode. This was granted and at 2:50 PM, he issued orders for the retreat to begin at 3:00 PM. Receiving this order, Brigadier General Charles Cox, commander of the 1st Light Horse, decided to ignore it as an attack against Redoubt No. 2 was developing on his front. Able to approach through the wadi to within 100 yards of the redoubt, elements of his 3rd Regiment and the Camel Corps were able to mount a successful bayonet attack. Having gained a footing in the Turkish defenses, Coxs men swung around and captured Redoubt No. 1 and Khadir Beys headquarters. With the tide turned, Chauvels retreat orders were cancelled and the full attack resumed, with Redoubt No. 5 falling to a mounted charge and Redoubt No. 3 surrendering to the New Zealanders of the 3rd Light Horse. To the southeast, elements of the 3rd Light Horse captured 300 Turks as they attempted to flee the town. By 4:30 PM, the town was secured and the majority of the garrison taken prisoner. Aftermath The Battle of Magdhaba resulted in 97 killed and 300 wounded for the Turks as well as 1,282 captured. For Chauvels ANZACs and the Camel Corps casualties were only 22 killed and 121 wounded. With the capture of Magdhaba, British Commonwealth forces were able to continue their push across the Sinai towards Palestine. With the completion of the railway and pipeline, Murray and Dobell were able to commence operations against the Turkish lines around Gaza. Repulsed on two occasions, they were eventually replaced by General Sir Edmund Allenby in 1917.

Technology in World Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology in World Civilization - Essay Example The developed overreliance on technology that is predicted to persist therefore means that people are not able to effectively, as they did before, handle tasks manually. This however identifies a critical problem should a global calamity occur and disable all technology-based systems (Fema, 2011). The problem would be similar to the Ireland’s potatoes famine of the nineteenth century. In the case, social conditions had led to reliance of potatoes as the chief food crop. The crop’s disease that broke out in the year 1845 however cut the society’s only source of food, leading to famine. The consequences were fatal with further implications such as â€Å"cholera, dysentery, typhus, and manifestation of lice† that led to death and displacement of people from the region (Digital, 2012, p. 1). The two instances therefore identify similarity in societies that can barely survive, should their staple application fail. Like the potatoes’ plight disrupted people’s social, political, and economic lives in Ireland, disruption in technology will stall professional and industrial operations that have entirely depended on it. Economic processes, healthcare services, and communication will therefore stop. The current society can however slowly adjust to its manual operation system, like in the potatoes’ calamity, or bear the consequences until another technology is developed (Fema, 2011; Digital, 2012). A fault that incapacitates all processor-based applications such as application of computer and computer-based devices would require solutions. One of the possible solutions that the society can use is reverting to the traditional manual operation system, a process that will depend on human resource for decision-making and process implementations. The society would also try to investigate causes of the problem in order to restore the processor applications.

International Human Rights Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Human Rights Law - Essay Example war lasted for several years and it was in 1918, when the war came to an end, irrespective of the outcome, leaving massive bloodshed, manslaughter, misery, orphanage, annihilation and demolition of human ethics, morals and ignorance of the respect of humankind behind as its everlasting impressions on the history of the world.1 The great powers of the world, still hungry for power and possession, momentarily recognized the need for an organization that could prevent future mishaps like that of World War I and laid the foundations of League of Nations, LN. The role of LN was to safeguard the rights of minorities and to serve as a platform that shall provide opportunities to Great Powers of the world to bring their differences on the table. LN was to play the role of a negotiator, arbitrator and mediator to help the dust settle down and to prevent animosities from growing into battles and wars. The formation of LN was an indication of the fact that whatever happened, World War I could have been prevented and the aims could have been achieved in a better manner. LN was to serve a body that would recognize and safeguard the right of humans irrespective of their colour, cast, race and religion. LN was formed with a broader perspective to serve humanity not only by preventing future wars but also by addressing t o and focusing up on areas that were never streamlined and subjected to international attention in the past. LN also comprised bodies that were aimed at defining and securing rights of labour and highlighting public issues at an elevated platform such as health, opium and rights of refugees. But in 1939 the world witnessed another jolting war, World War II, that led to the demise of LN, as LN was created to prevent wars and within a few decades of its existence the world was at the verge of another war, this time even bigger in its magnitude and bitter in its essence.2 More than 100 million humans participated in this war, belonging to various regions, religions

Organisational behaviour for Woolworths

Organisational behaviour for Woolworths Introduction Woolworths Woolworths was a high-street retail chain, which at its height operated more than 800 stores nationwide, and employed more than 30,000 staff. In late 2008, Woolworths entered administration, and subsequently closed in 2009. Each branch employed a mixture of full time and part time employees, and there was a distinct hierarchy apparent. At the top of the hierarchy was the head of branch responsible for the overall performance of the store. Then there were senior managers usually two present each day, they were responsible for the management of the general day to day operations of the branch. This included stock control, staff rotas, and the cashing of money at the end of the day. Full -time employees were next, and they tended to be middle aged, who worked week days. They were regularly delegated tasks by the management. At the bottom of the hierarchy were the part -time employees. They were often students, who worked during the evenings when the store was closed and at the weekends when the shop was busier. They were given little responsibility, as the majority of them were apathetic to the performance of the organisation. They were mainly there for financial reasons, rather than to pursue a career in retail. As the majority were students, the staff turnover was very high and this resulted in the management giving these employees few opportunities. This hierarchy was on the whole effective, as part time employees were happy to follow orders from full time employees and senior managers. Management at Woolworths were somewhat removed from their staff. Because of the informal hierarchical system in place, head of branch had little communication with part time employees. This meant that the management didnt know many of their staff on a personal level, which in turn resulted in a poor application of motivational methods. This report will look at the effects that management has on employee motivation at a particular branch of Woolworths. It will assess the different techniques used by the organisation as a whole, and by the branch managers, to motivate the employees. This report will also make a number of recommendations for ways in which management can motivate these employees more effectively in Woolworths future enterprises. HR/Organisational Behaviour Motivation In times of recession, the need to motivate staff is probably as strong as ever. As many employers wont have a large budget for recruiting and training staff, they will want to hang on to their most talented and skilled workers to ensure their business survives the recession and remains competitive in the upturn (Sullivan, 2009). Employees in any organisation need something to keep them working to the best of their ability. In most cases employees are driven by money. However, sometimes just a salary is not enough to stay at an organisation. An employee must be motivated to work for a company or organization. If an organisation fails to motivate its staff effectively, then productivity and quality of work will deteriorate. Keeping someone working to the best of their ability is the ultimate goal of employee motivation. There are many methods to help keep employees motivated, this report will look at a number of theories involving the effect that management has on employee motivation, and will aim to apply these to a branch of Woolworths. Motivating staff is one of the most important responsibilities for a leader in an organisation; however it is also one of the most difficult. Doing so goes a long way toward ensuring a professionally healthy and productive work environment (Staren, 2009). Because there were a large number of part-time student employees working at the branch of Woolworths, managements biggest challenge was to keep these particular staff motivated. It is common for younger employees to see this kind of job as simply a means to make money. As they have few financial responsibilities, they are less likely to feel the need to impress management and work to the best of their ability to keep their job. It is of the opinion that a low quality of service was a key factor in the ultimate failure of Woolworths. Because many staff were not motivated by their work, there was a knock-on effect on the quality of work carried out. This resulted in a poor customer feedback and most importantly a poor reputation. The emphasis was therefore on the management to try and change this impression. The following is a literature review of motivational theory. It will begin by looking at the factors of an employees job that most motivate them, followed by an in depth analysis of the effect of management on motivation. Literature Review What motivates an employee? In the early part of the 20th Century, employees were considered just another input in the production of goods and services. When Henry Ford first developed his assembly line for the Model-T, workers were treated as though they were another machine in the process, their skills reduced to a single task out of the 84 steps Ford had divided Model T production into. However this view of thinking changed after the publication of the Hawthorne Studies. Professor Elton Mayo examined the impact of work conditions in employee productivity, and following experiments conducted over six years, came to the conclusion that employees are motivated not only by money, and that employee behaviour is related to other behaviour. Studies in this area showed that â€Å"interesting work† has been the most important motivational factor. It is maintained by Hackman (1975) that interesting and challenging work inspires people to perform better than required, exerting additional effort in order to experience a sense of fulfilling their potential and accomplishing worthwhile ends. Creating interesting work might be a challenge for organisations however. According to Kovach (1989), its hard to make all work in an organisation interesting, as its on a personal level, and what may be interesting to one person may not be interesting to another. Situation plays an important role and motivation varies over time and situation as well. Kovachs study shows that younger workers with low incomes in non-supervisory positions were most concerned with money, job security and prospects of promotion while older workers with higher incomes and higher organisational positions were motivated more by the work and its quality. There have been many surveys conducted on the factors for employee motivation. The first of which was by the Labour Relations Institute of New York in 1946, on industrial employees. Appreciation of work done was most important motivating factor in the first survey, as well as in 1997. But in the last decade, good wages became the most common factor. Demographics, such as income and location, should be considered when analysing these attitudes, according to Wiley (1977). One of the key factors of a motivated workforce is the leadership they are given. Good management of staff can ensure an organisations employees work to the best of their ability. The role of leadership when motivating staff McGregor (1960) maintained that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Many managers tend towards theory X, and generally get poor results. Enlightened managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. With theory X, a manager has little respect for their employees skills and considers that they need to be closely supervised and that comprehensive systems of controls developed. A hierarchical structure is needed with narrow span of control at each and every level. They assume that the average person dislikes work and will avoid it they can, therefore employees must be forced towards organisational objectives, with the threat of punishment. They also assume that employees prefer to be directed, to avoid responsibility and wants security above all else. Beliefs of this theory lead to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, and a punitive atmosphere. With theory Y, management believes employees to be ambitious, self-motivated and exercise self-control. It is believed that employees enjoy their mental and physical work duties. Theory Y managers believe that employees will learn to seek out and accept responsibility and to exercise self-control and self-direction in accomplishing objectives to which they are committed. An additional theory, Theory Z, was developed by William Ouchi, in his book 1981 Theory Z: How American management can Meet the Japanese Challenge. It promotes a combination of theory Y and modern Japanese management, which places a large amount of freedom and trust with workers, and assumes that workers have a strong loyalty and interest in team-working and the organisation. McGregors work can be related to McClellands achievement model. Due to their high task focus, achievement-motivated people have a tendency towards X-Theory style; however an nAch manager can be trained to see the value of employing Theory Y style. NPow managers are almost definitely Theory X and nAffil are typically Theory Y and if not can relatively easily be trained to be so. McGregors work was based on Maslows hierarchy of needs. This theory is one of the most widely discussed theories of motivation. The original Hierarchy of Needs model was developed between 1943 and 1954, and first widely published in Motivation and Personality in 1954. It concerned the responsibility of employers to provide a workplace environment that encourages and enables employees to fulfil their own unique potential (self-actualization). He proposed that each of us is motivated by needs, and that these most basic needs are inborn. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs states that we must satisfy each need in turn, starting with the first, which deals with the most obvious needs for survival itself. Only when the lower order needs of physical and emotional well-being are satisfied are we concerned with the higher order needs of influence and personal development. Conversely, if the things that satisfy our lower order needs are swept away, we are no longer concerned about the maintenance of o ur higher order needs. McGregor suggested that management could use either set of needs to motivate employees. As management theorists became familiar with Maslows work, they soon realized the possibility of connecting higher level needs to worker motivation. If organizational goals and individual needs could be integrated so that people would acquire self-esteem and, ultimately, self-actualization through work, then motivation would be self-sustaining. Today, his Theory Y principle influences the design of personnel policies, affects the way companies conduct performance reviews, and shapes the idea of pay for performance. David McClelland proposed that an individuals specific needs are developed over time and are fashioned by ones life experiences. The majority of these needs can be classed as either achievement (nAch seek to excel), affiliation (nAff need harmonious relationships with other people and need to feel accepted by others), or power (nPow seek to benefit either themselves or the organisation). An employees motivation and effectiveness in certain job functions are influenced by these needs. Management should seek to understand their employees needs in order to achieve maximum motivation. The importance of each of these needs will vary from one person to another. If management can determine the importance of each of these needs to an individual, it will help them decide how to influence that individual. By using these theories to address an individual employees needs, management could increase motivation by utilising Management by objectives (MBO). MBO is a systematic and organized approach that allows management to focus on achievable goals and to attain the best possible results from available resources. It was first outlined by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book The Practice of Management. It aims to increase organizational performance by aligning goals and subordinate objectives throughout the organization. Ideally, employees get strong input to identify their objectives, time lines for completion, etc. MBO includes ongoing tracking and feedback in the process to reach objectives. With MBO, managers focus on the result, not the activity. They delegate tasks by negotiating a contract of goals with their subordinates without dictating a detailed roadmap for implementation. Management by Objectives (MBO) is about setting objectives and then breaking these down into more specific goals or key results. Application of OB theory to its organisational practice This review of management practise has a number of implications for Woolworths management. Recognising the needs of individuals within the workforce can help management develop their methods and will enable them to get the best out of each individual employee. By using Maslows Hierarchy of needs, management might be able to profile their full time and part time employees effectively. By applying McClellands principle at the beginning of an employees career, management can get a deeper understanding of the profile of their employees. In the past, it could be assumed that all part-time staff have the same desires and needs from their job. It is fair to assume that they are all there for financial reasons only. However by applying this theory, it might be found that there are employees who wish to pursue the job and turn it into a career. They would fit into the nAch group of McClellands theory. Recognising this will give the management the opportunity to develop this employee and to hand them more responsibility in their work. This will motivate the employees which in turn will benefit the organisation. The majority of the part time workforce would fit into the nAff character, as they seek to have harmonious experiences and would seek to make their job as straightforward as possible by forming friendly relationships. It is the managements responsibility to ensure that the working environment is suitable for these employees, as they make up the majority. It is vital that the management recognises McGregors X and Y theory. At the branch of Woolworths in question, there were a number of managers who would fit the theory X character. In this particular field, where one of the key roles of management is communicating with their staff, this had a very negative effect. Although it would be fair for a manager to assume that many of their part time staff are apathetic to the organisations success, this is not the case. By not offering them any responsibility would not be a pragmatic decision, as it would simply deter staff further from reaching their potential ability at work. A theory Y character on the other hand may not be suitable for this type of work force as well. As accepted in this report, the majority of the part time workforce is there simply for financial reasons. Giving them too much responsibility may result in a lack of effectiveness, as they feel they can get away with doing a lacklustre job without being held responsible. Instead a mixture of theories X and Y might be the most suitable to manage a retail workforce, where the management might delegate responsibility to employees and give them some independence at work, whilst still keeping a close eye on their progress. The MBO style is appropriate for knowledge-based enterprises when your workforce are competent. It is appropriate in situations where you wish to build employees management and self-leadership skills and tap their creativity, tacit knowledge and initiative. Therefore it may not be suitable for the majority of employees at Woolworths. However the head of branch should have used this style to set regular objectives for their senior managers. This would have a positive effect on all employees in the hierarchy, as the senior managers will become more motivated and will in turn motivate the staff more effectively. Conclusion Lessons for management Successful work environments are characterized by open communication at all levels. The effective manager realizes that identifying positive motivators requires knowing his staff on an individual basis. He recognizes that what motivates one member, even in the same role, may not be the same for another (Staren, 2009). Woolworths management should have considered indentifying each of their employees needs and motivating factors early on in their role and ensured that they treated their workforce as individuals. Woolworths management should take advantage of incentive based motivational methods in which performance is guided by objectives. By meeting regularly with staff to determine mutually agreed upon goals and objectives, this could have considerable motivational effects on its workforce. The managers should have ensured that the staff members had appropriate authority or are otherwise empowered to proceed as they deem necessary to accomplish their jobs. Giving staff more responsibility will only have a positive effect on their motivation. The key is understanding the type of responsibility they desire.

Buddhism Versus Greek Mythology

â€Å"[A human being] experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest, a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness, â€Å"said Albert Einstein. â€Å"Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty† (â€Å"Heart Quotes†). Einstein’s view on nature is similar to that of Indian Buddhists. Life-giving Indian weather inspired the Buddhist cyclic view of rebirth while the rugged terrain of Greece inspired their harsh outlook on nature.Buddhists believe man is one with nature while Greek mythology emphasizes the all-importance of man. Buddhists live in harmony with nature whereas the Greeks show violence towards it and all its creatures. However, as the Greek mindset shifted towards philosophy, so did it shift towards similar reverence towards nature. The defining distinction between these two perspectives on life is that the ou tlook on nature of Buddhists show values from the belief that all is in harmony with Atman, whereas the Greek outlook on nature shows that man is above nature.India is a country of lush plains, striking mountains, beautiful deserts, and dazzling bays. 2, 545 years ago, this incredible scenery served as the backdrop to Buddha’s life and eventual Enlightenment, from which Buddhist teachings would one day grow (Eckel 6). The impact of Buddha’s surroundings on Buddhist thinking is obvious, especially when one takes into consideration India’s dramatic seasonal climate changes. Every summer in India, the monsoons arrive. Every summer in India is monsoon season, a time of torrential downpours raging uninterrupted for months.Before these monsoons, the earth is dried and parched; food and water are scarce. It is, in every way, a season of death. Then, however, the rain arrives, harsh and relentless, but life giving nonetheless. The rain is the amniotic fluid catalyzing t he re-entrance of life unto the barren earth. This annual cycle of death and rebirth presents the native people with a dire ultimatum: they must either obey nature or not survive. If they try to go against nature’s course, they will inevitably fail. Nature controls life. Observing this phenomenon, Buddhists learned from nature and realized that this cycle can be found everywhere.They realized that humans undergo an equivalent cycle called samsara, or reincarnation. ————————————————- â€Å"He could no longer distinguish the many voices, the cheerful from the weeping, the children’s from the men’s: they all belonged together. The lament of the knower’s yearning and laughing, the screaming of the angry, the moaning of the dying- everything was one; everything was entwined and entwisted, was interwoven a thousand fold. And all of it together, all v oices, all goals, all yearnings, all sufferings, all pleasures, all good and evil-the world was everything together.Everything together was the river of events, was the music of life. And when Siddhartha listened attentively to this river, listened to this song of a thousand voices, when he did not listen to sorrow or laughter, when he did not bring his soul to any one voice and did not enter them with his ego, but listened to all of them, heard the wholeness, the oneness- then the great song of the thousand voices consisted of a single word, which was ‘om’: perfection†¦belonging to the oneness† (Hesse 118-119). At the core of Buddhism lies an important lesson about maya and Enlightenment. To reach Enlightenment, one must understand all.One of the first steps towards such understanding is to understand maya, or illusion. Everything that one sees, feels, and tastes belongs to the world of maya. Even one does not exist but in the world of maya. Thus, if all doe s not exist, then all is equal. One is equal to everything in the surrounding world, especially nature. All are one in Atman, which is the heart of all of Buddhism. Everything is one. All of this separation from nature and from one another is simply maya, or an illusion. Consequently, in Buddhism, any injustice done to nature is an injustice to oneself.To reach Enlightenment, peace and oneness with nature are essential. Man and nature are one. Therefore, everyone and everything, especially nature, should be treated as so. â€Å"[Siddhartha said,] ‘This stone is a stone, it is also an animal, it is also God, it is also the Buddha, I love and honor it not because it would become this or that someday, but because of this because it is a stone, because it appears to me now and today as a stone, it is precisely because of this that I love it and see worth and meaning in each of its veins and pits, in the yellow, in the gray, in the hardness, in the sound it emits when I tap it, n the dryness or dampness of its surface. [T]hat is precisely what I like and what seems wonderful to me and worthy of worship†¦I love the stone and the river and all these things that we contemplate and also a tree or a piece of bark. These are things and things can be loved† (Hesse 126-127). In harmony with the principle of reincarnation, any plant, creature, or other aspect of nature is a part of the cycle of rebirth. Therefore, any of these can one day become a man, for when something in nature dies, it undergoes the cycle of rebirth and can be reborn as anything.One day, it will become a human. Nature holds the ability within itself to be a human and, for that reason, should be considered as an equal. The true magnitude of nature’s presence in Buddhism is truly portrayed by the distinct mentioning of Siddhartha reaching enlightenment under a tree, specifically the Bodhi tree or the Asiatic fig tree (Gach 16). The scriptural account of the Enlightenment of Buddha gives this significance to nature when Buddha sits under the Bodhi tree for seven whole days.After the seven days, the Buddha gets up only to sit down again at an Ajapala banyan-tree for another length of time. He rises once again just to sit down once more at the foot of a Mucalinda tree (â€Å"Bodhi Leaf†). Nature is therefore made clear as one of the most important aspects of Buddhism. As Buddhists have such a deep reverence for nature, they believe in keeping peace with every aspect of nature. This does not just mean plants but also animals and other living creatures. However, that does not mean that all Buddhists must be vegetarians although it is strongly suggested to do so.It is said that the act of eating meat is a form of karma that will lead a person farther from Enlightenment. Therefore, the more meat one eats in one’s various lives, the more times one will have to experience the cycle of death and rebirth. On the other hand, some Buddhists believe in anoth er view of meat eating. One is allowed to eat meat that one receives unless one knows or suspects that the meat in question was killed especially for one (Epstein). As far as sacrificial practices, meat is not sacrificed but instead herbs and incense are given up in prayer.Peace is a very important aspect of treating nature. Peace comes in many forms: peace towards environment, towards creatures, towards man, etc. A Buddhist definition of peace is â€Å"softening what is rigid in our hearts† (Chodron 17). In keeping with their attitude towards nature, Buddhists also believe that a man should not kill another man for any reason. In Buddhism, war is never the answer. In fact, the first few lines of the Dhammapada, a Buddhist scripture, state â€Å"For love is not conquered by hate: hate is conquered by love.This is a law eternal† (Chappell 81). Therefore, instead of fighting hate with hate, Buddhists believe in fighting hate with love. That is the only way to overcome an d to reach Enlightenment. â€Å"’When someone seeks,’ said Siddhartha,’ then it easily happens that his eyes see only the thing that he seeks, and he is able to find nothing, to take in nothing because he always thinks only about the thing he is seeking, because he has one goal, because he is obsessed with his goal. Seeking means: having a goal. But finding means: being free, being open, having no goal.You, Venerable One, may truly be a seeker, for, in striving toward your goal, you fail to see certain things that are right under your nose. † (Hesse, 121-122) As previously stated, to reach Enlightenment, Buddhists believe all that is needed is understanding. The ultimate goal of Buddhists is to attain this understanding, this meaning, this Enlightenment. However, one must be aware that spending a life seeking is not the way to reach Enlightenment. To be a faithful Buddhist, one must understand that the key is not to seek.For, in seeking, as this quote say s, the obvious is not seen. Buddhism then teaches that to reach Enlightenment, one must find not seek. Therefore, Buddhists do not seek to explain nature (Hanh 78). They are content with nature as it is- unexplained, for nature’s explanations can be found without seeking. â€Å"’Is this what you mean: that the river is everywhere at once, at its source and at its mouth, at the waterfall, at the ferry, at the rapids, in the sea ,in the mountains, everywhere at once, and only the present exists for it, and not the shadow of the future? ‘That is it,’ said Siddhartha. ‘And when I learned that, I looked at my life, and it was also a river and the boy Siddhartha was separated from the adult Siddhartha and from the old man Siddhartha only by shadow, not by substance. Nor were Siddhartha’s earlier births the past, and his death and his return to [Atman] are no future. Nothing was, nothing will be; everything is, everything has being and is presentâ⠂¬  (Hesse 94). A final important aspect of Buddhism is the concept that time does not exist. Time is a man-made notion that does nothing but bring about worries.All sufferings in life can be attributed to time. Buddhists believe that once the concept of time is released, life will hold no more problems, worries, or stresses. Only then can Enlightenment be truly reached. When the concept of time is destroyed inside oneself, it allows for a completely new philosophy to surface. Greece is a country lined with hostile, jagged mountains, in which there are very few arable location surrounded by threatening seas. There is no cycle, no preconception, no structure. To the Ancient Greeks, it seemed that nature was not kind; nature was no friend to them.Therefore, their logic decided that they should be no friend to nature. Such was the physical and mental location of this people, and the beginning of many differences between Greek thought and Buddhism. Greeks living about six hundred years ere the birth of Christ were very religious, as well as very diverse spiritually. All the answers to their questions were found in different religions. Ancient Greeks passed down their religious traditions orally through myths. A myth is â€Å"a story about the gods which sets out to explain why life is as it is† (Gaarder, 22).Greek mythology was an integral part of Greek culture. The ‘miracle of Greece’ is a phrase that describes the awakening of Greek culture and its effects on the rest of the world. One way the Greeks accomplished this was through their focus on man’s importance. They put mankind at the center of their world so that man was all-important. The Greeks even created the gods in their own image, complete with very human qualities. This was the first time in history that a god was made into a recognizable, tangible form. Erstwhile, gods had no lucidity about them. Greek artists and poets realized how splendid a man could be, straight and swi ft and strong. He was the fulfillment of their search for beauty. They had no wish to create some fantasy shaped in their own minds† (Hamilton, 9). Man was put on a pedestal and made the most prominent being in the world, so that he was made into a deity. Any human could be the son of a god, thereby half-divine, an idea unheard of before this time. This idea of man being the ultimate authority is in complete contradiction to Buddhism, where man was equal to nature, not above it. And soon as the men had prayed and flung the barley, first they lifted back the heads of the victims, slit their throats, skinned them and carved away the meat from the thighbones and wrapped them in fat, a double fold sliced clean and topped with strips of flesh. And the old man burned these over dried split wood and over the quarters poured out glistening wine while young men at his side held five-pronged forks. Once they had burned the bones and tasted the organs they cut the rest into pieces, pierc ed them with spits, roasted them to a turn and pulled them off the fire† (Homer 93)Myths were also used for other purposes than learning. â€Å"But a myth was not only an explanation. People also carried out religious ceremonies related to the myths† (Gaarder, 25). Like most other religions at the time, the Ancient Greeks’ religions consisted of brutal rituals and rites that contrasted greatly to the thoughts of Buddhism (Connolly 87). Buddhism teaches of kindness to animals whereas Greek religion utilized animal cruelty as part of their holy worship to the gods. The gods of Olympus, who were created in the ultimate image of the Greek people, used the forms of innocent animals to manipulate and get what they wanted.In many instances, Zeus used the guise of animals when he wanted to capture a woman and gain her trust. â€Å"[T]hat very instant [Zeus] fell madly in love with Europa [†¦ H]e thought it well to be cautious, and before appearing to Europa he chan ged himself into a bull† (Hamilton 101). However, rather than setting an example to revere animals, this teaches people to use animals in any way possible to reach the desired end. Even more opposed to Buddhism was the fact that a Greek hero was someone who had extreme strength or other physical features that he could use against animals.Hercules is one of the best examples of this notion. He is considered the greatest Greek hero ever to live. Through a tragic sequence of events, he killed his sons and wife, but was doomed to live on in order to undergo a series of trials to redeem himself. His first predicament was to â€Å"kill the lion of Nemea. Hercules solved [that] by choking the life out of [the lion]† (Hamilton 231). Hercules also had to drive out the â€Å"Stymphalian birds, which were a plague to the people of Stymphalus because of their enormous numbers† (Hamilton 232).This shows that, unlike Buddhists, Greeks could not live in peace with nature, but i nstead hated nature. Ancient Greeks did not want anything to do with nature, let alone be a part of it. Hercules also had to capture many animals in these trials such as the â€Å"stag with horns of gold†, â€Å"a great boar which had its lair on Mount Erymanthus†, â€Å"the savage bull that Poseidon had given Minos†, â€Å"the man-eating mares of King Diomedes of Thrace†, the cattle of Geryon†, and â€Å"Cerberus the three-headed dog† (Hamilton 232-233).Hercules inspired the Greeks not by staying in peace with nature but instead by forcing it to conform to his will in a harsh, cruel way. Hercules made sure he was above nature, a predicament the Buddhists avoided and even condemned. In summary, Greeks wanted to overcome nature whereas Buddhists wanted to be one with nature. â€Å"So by the beaked ships the Argives formed for battle, arming round you, Achilles –Achilles starved for war-and faced the Trojan ranks along the plain’ s high ground[†¦T]he Achaeans kept on gaining glory- great Achilles who held back from the brutal fighting so long had just come blazing forth.Chilling tremors shook the Trojans’ knees, down to the last man, terrified at the sight: the headlong runner coming, gleaming in all his gear, afire like man-destroying Ares† (Homer 503, 505). As previously stated, Buddhists lived by the doctrine to fight hate with love. If Ancient Greeks had a concise doctrine about war, it would have been to fight hate with more hate. Ancient Greek civilization centralized around their love of carnage. The majority of Ancient Greek myths revolved around war or other forms of fighting.The Iliad is a 537-page myth about one war and it glorifies all aspects of war. The heroes of The Iliad are not monks or The Buddha like in Buddhism. Instead, the heroes of The Iliad are Achilles and Hector, two soldiers magnificent in warfare and bloodthirsty through and through. In addition, Achilles is most illustrious in The Iliad when he is the most sanguinary. â€Å"[Diomedes] went whirling into the slaughter now, hacking left and right and hideous groans broke from the drying Thracians slashed by the sword-the ground ran red with blood. †¦]Tydeus’ son went tearing into that Thracian camp until he’d butchered twelve. [†¦]But now the son of Tydeus came upon the king, the thirteenth man, and ripped away his life. [†¦]Patroclus tore [Pronous’s] chest left bare by the shield-rim, loosed his knees and the man went crashing down. [†¦ Then Patroclus] stabbed [Thestor’s] right jawbone, ramming the spearhead square between his teeth so hard he hooked him by that spearhead over the chariot-rail, hoisted, dragged the Trojan out. [†¦Patroclus then] gaffed him off his car [†¦] and flipped him down face first, dead as he fell.Next [†¦] he flung a rock and it struck between [Erylaus’s] eyes and the man’s whole skull spl it in his heavy helmet. [Patroclus] crowded corpse on corpse on the earth. † (Homer, 292, 426-427) Even more horrific to the eyes of Buddhists would be the battle scenes in The Iliad that truly show the awe and glory the ancient Greeks saw in war. The Iliad was a myth that served more as entertainment than anything else. This shows that Ancient Greeks were amused by this kind of literature. Buddhists believe in not seeking to explain nature. By contrast, Ancient Greeks did precisely this with their myths. [A myth] is an explanation of something in nature; how, for instance, any and everything in the universe came into existence: men, animals, this of that tree or flower, the sun, the moon, the stars, storms, eruptions, earthquakes, all that is and all that happens† (Hamilton 12). Ancient Greeks wanted to know how everything happened around them so they could manipulate their environment more easily. This is a central division between Ancient Greeks and Buddhism. Whereas Buddhists believe that time does not exist, Ancient Greeks were engrossed by time.All throughout The Iliad, Homer stresses how long the war has been going on and how it worries and distresses everyone involved. Unlike Buddhists, the Greeks do not disown the belief of time. They stay true to the traditional man-made vision of time instead of throwing out their problems by abandoning the idea of time. â€Å"[The natural philosopher] Heraclitus (c. 540-480 B. C. )[†¦] was from Ephesus in Asia Minor. He thought that constant change, or glow, was in fact the most basic characteristic of nature. [†¦ ]‘Everything flows,’ said Heraclitus.Everything is in constant flux and movement, nothing is abiding. Therefore we ‘cannot step twice into the same river. When I step into the river for the second time, neither I nor the river are the same’† (Gaarder 34). Slowly, Greek culture started to move away from religion and more towards philosophy. It evolved from a â€Å"mythological mode of thought to one based on experience and reason† (Gaarder 27). People could make ideas for themselves and create new beliefs instead of going back to the myths. The world started a shift from relying on religion to analyzing the world with science and philosophy.Surprisingly, this is where similarities between Greek and Buddhist culture were born. At first, the two religions of the ancient Greeks and the Buddhists clashed greatly. However, through the move away from mythical religion the Greek beliefs were brought closer towards the religion of Buddhism. Heraclitus here used the same metaphor for his philosophy as Siddhartha used for his. Although the passages were said in different situations and with different words, both quotes have the same general philosophy that time does not truly exist. A river is usually a sign of separation; a river acts as a divider in most cases.However, this river brings two very different cultures together in a ve ry powerful way that is clear to all. Nature is everything outside and inside a man or a woman or a child. Nature is every breath taken, every step forward, every glance made, every wind blown, and every flower planted. The two cultures of Greece and Buddhism showed great contrasts in the beginning but one resounding similarity was found in something as simple as a river. India shows a cyclic weather that inspired the thought of rebirth while Greece shows a harsh terrain that inspired animosity between man and nature.As a consequence, Buddhists thought that nature and man are one while Greeks were taught to be above nature and manipulate it in any way possible. Buddhists lived in ultimate peace while the ancient Greeks lived in love of carnage. The Buddhist outlook on nature is derived from the belief that man is one with nature whereas the original Greek outlook is derived from the thought that man is above nature. Nature is the essence of the world, the aura of everything around p eople. These two cultures, although vastly different, impacted human belief and intellect forever.

Confrontations Between Young and Old in Shakespeares...

Confrontations Between Young and Old in King Lear One of the underlying themes in Shakespeares play, King Lear is the concept of the generation gap. This gap is mainly illustrated between the family. The older generation is Lear himself, and the younger generation consists of his daughters Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. In the second plot of the play, Gloucester represents the older generation, and his sons, Edmund and Edgar exemplifies the younger generation. Both younger generations can be divided into two distinct groups. Goneril, Regan and Edmund are the villains in both the plots and Edgar and Cordelia are the loyal, faithful children. This little twist adds to the effect of†¦show more content†¦An example of this is Oswalds attitude towards Lear after his daughter, Goneril told him to show discourtesy towards Lear. [Act 1 scene 4, Lines 75-80] O, you, sir, you! Come you hither, sir. Who am I, sir? My Ladys Father. My Ladys Father? My lords knave! You Whoreson dog! You Slave! You Cur! Another example of lost authority and power in this act is when Lears Fool offers Lear his Coxcomb (Jesters Cap) and tells him how foolish he was when he gave up his power to Goneril and Regan. Lears 100 Knights symbolize Lears power in his mind. When Lear is confronted by his daughter Goneril and is told by her that his men are too disruptive and are to be trimmed to half because she feels he does not need them. Lear is angered at Goneril for this because the Knights represents the remainder of his limited power. Regan then tells him in order to stay with her, he had to dismiss all but 25 knights because he did not have need for these men. He realizes his lost of authority and power and leaves to seek shelter in a storm. Lears knights represent power and authority in his eyes. Another example of authority and power is Kent being placed in the stocks in the middle of the court yard by Regan and Cornwall. Not onlyShow MoreRelated Shakespeares King Lear - Suffering of Cordelia in King Lear1507 Words   |  7 Pages The tragedy of Shakespeare’s King Lear is made far more tragic and painful by the presence and suffering of the kings youngest daughter, Cordelia. While our sympathy for the king is somewhat restrained by his brutal cruelty towards others, there is nothing to dampen our emotional response to Cordelias suffering. Nothing, that is, at first glance. Harley Granville-Barker justifies her irreconcilable fate thus: the tragic truth about life to the Shakespeare that wrote King Lear... includes itsRead MoreThe generation gap in King Lear by Shakespeare1624 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the underlying themes in Shakespeares play, King Lear is the concept of the generation gap. This gap is mainly illustrated between the family. The older generation is Lear himself, and the younger generation consists of his daughters Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. In the second plot of the play, Gloucester represents the older generation, and his sons, Edmund and Edgar exemplifies the younger generation. Both younger generations can be divided into two distinct groups. Goneril, Regan and EdmundRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear3086 Words   |  13 PagesJerion Young Ms. Woods English IV 4 March 2015 King Lear William Shakespeare uses several literary elements in his writing, elements which are especially apparent in his play, King Lear. Shakespeare uses excellent creativity and description when writing this tragedy. â€Å"Neither has Shakespeare placed in the mouth of any other character in this play such fatalistic expressions as may be found in King Lear and occasionally elsewhere†(A.C. 2003). The way King Lear talks in this play is very evil comparedRead MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 Pageshave been written between 1603 and 1607, and is most commonly dated 1606. The earliest account of a performance of what was probably Shakespeare s play is April 1611, when  Simon Forman  recorded seeing such a play at the  Globe Theatre. It was first published in the  Folio of 1623, possibly from a  prompt book. It was most likely written during the reign of  James I, who had been James VI of Scotland before he succeeded to the English throne in 1603. James was a patron of Shake speare’s acting company,

Huckleberry Finn, By Samuel Longhorn Clemens - 1520 Words

For the task I have been given in this paper, I believe that it is necessary to define the term â€Å"quintessential† both in my own words and from a dictionary. In my own words: All encompassing or summarizing Miriam-Webster dictionary however defines the words in two separate instances both applicable to this paper. They are as follows: 1. (adj.) the essence of a thing while in it’s purest and most concentrated form. 2. (adj.) The most typical example or representative. Huckleberry Finn, written in December of 1884, by Samuel longhorn Clemens (under surname â€Å"Mark Twain†) encompasses the life, thoughts and adventures of the 12-year-old title character Huckleberry â€Å"Huck† Finn. Throughout the book Huck struggles with a negative opinion of racism and slavery that is otherwise not voiced by your everyday American southerner. The book takes place in the southern Midwest region of America often referred to as America’s â€Å"heartland†. There are several other reasons for Huck Finn to be considered an American quintessential novel, some of which will be discussed in the following essay such as the themes, character conflicts as well as how the book connects to the American people as a culture. Also it will be covered, that some educators and parents believe that the novel should NOT be used in the classroom based on its at times difficult content and demeaning themes, as well as it’s portrayal of some religious and social groups of the time. One stated theme of this novel often times tied