Racial Disparity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Racial Disparity - Research Paper Example If it could be considered as one of the social problems of modern societies, racial disparity has caused severe concerns to governments worldwide mostly because of the following facts: the problem seems to be continuously expanded, i.e. there is no sign of limitation or even standardization; also, the phenomenon has been already developed at such level that threatens the stability of the society. Racial disparity is a critical social problem in countries worldwide. The problem is mostly reflected in the barriers faced by black people or people belonging in minorities when trying to enter the job market (The Independent 2008, NBC Washington 2011); the healthcare treatment provided to black people and people in minorities also reveals the existence of racial disparity (McNeil 2011). In criminal justice also, cases of racial disparity can be identified. Indeed, black people and people in minorities are most likely to be arrested for crimes of various types; moreover, people in this category are more likely to be convicted – compared the white people who have committed the same offences. In Illinois ‘19 per cent of black defendants charged in 2005 were sentenced to prison after being charged with a low-level drug possession felony’ (Di Benedetto 2011); the percentage of white people charged for the same crime was just 4% (Di Benedetto 2011). It should be noted though that the failure in managing racial disparity is not reflected just in the punishment imposed on offenders; it seems that criminal behavior is increased in black people and people belonging in minorities, a fact which shows the lack of measures for equally controlling crime across society. In a research developed in 2008 â€Å"10.1 per cent of all blacks reported using illegal drugs compared to 8.2 per cent of all whites† (Di Benedetto 2011). Racial disparity is an important social problem;  however, its limitation would require an integrated plan of action; the introduction of changes in the criteria of sentencing would not be adequate for reducing the number of minorities in courts and prisons.  

California Travel and Authority Commission Assignment

California Travel and Authority Commission - Assignment Example The greatest challenge posed on the Destination Marketing Organization (DMO) is global warming. Its effects on the natural environment are detrimental. For instance, it causes rising of sea level; migration of wild animals; and hurricanes. In spite of the present economic impact tourism has had on California, it faces significant adaptability challenges. Reason being, majority of the tourist attraction sites depend on the natural environment. Efforts meant to sustain the existing environmental condition are very expensive, and their implications are far reaching. A notable example, the United States Congress, has been tasked with the responsibility of protecting tourist sites for the upcoming generation. However, they have yet to establish what it means for the future and present use of large portions of land in the coastal regions and forests (Kahrl & Ronald-Holst, 2012). Next, tourism is regard as being the most taxed industry. This ranges from the airline tickets, accommodation, a nd charges for car hire. Consequently, tourists shifting to destinations that are more accommodating (5 Key Issues Facing Travel and Tourism, 2012). The tourism industries and DMO entirely depend on each other, in the event of challenges; the existence of both is negatively affected.   An elaborate way of administrating tourist destination is through the establishment of DMO. Destination Marketing Organization (DMO) plays a major role towards the success of the tourism sector. However, it also in charge of some other roles, namely: facilitate a broad understanding of the economic and societal dimension of demand and supply in the tourism sector; enable the growth and diversification of existing sectors of tourism. It will ensure increased competitive nature of this sector; develop a joint venture between the public and private participants within the tourism industry.

main elements constituting a vaild contract

main elements constituting a vaild contract The word law has been given many definitions. The higher being is the state and the inferior being is the individual. The sanctions or punishments include imprisonment, fines, damages and injunctions. In our country Malaysia, Federal Constitution declares itself as the supreme law of the Federation. Hence, to put it modestly, law may be defined as a body of rules which are enforced by the state. Furthermore, law save from harm the basic individual rights and freedom such as liberty, equality and freedom of speech. It avoid individuals in powerful positions from taking an unreasonable advantage of other people and ensures a harmless and peaceful society, in which individual rights are conserved, law has develops as the norms and needs of society changes. Malaysia practices Parliamentary democracy with Constitutional Monarchy, wherein the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong (King) is the Paramount Ruler. The constitution of Malaysia divides the authority of the Federation into three branches, namely Legislative, Administrative or Executive and Judiciary. Definition for question 1 Contracts are not only applicable to business but are also part of our everyday life. A contract is made out of the simple act of purchasing a newspaper, using a credit card to buy a dress or paying a parking fee. Other contracts such as the sale and purchase of property are additional complex, requiring formal written documents. Law, is merely anxious with the fulfillment of certain conditions by the parties so that the transactions can be standard as legally binding agreement and enforceable. Section 2(h) of CA 1950 states that an agreement enforceable by law is a contract. The strongest contract, in terms of enforceability, has an offer, acceptance, consideration for the exchange, clearly sets out the terms of the agreement without doubt, and is signed by the involved parties with appropriate capacity to enter into the contract. Hence, a contract can be defined as an agreement the law between two or pre parties to do or to abstain from doing some act/acts, their intention being to create legal relation and not purely to exchange mutual promise to give something of value as consideration for any benefits derived form the agreement. Thus each of the parties to a contract wants or needs something the other party has in its power to give, and each of the parties is willing to give up something of in order to make safe what the other party has. Basic Elements of a Valid Contract an Overview From the definition above, it may be concluded that the basis of a contract is agreement between parties. As such, the existence of other elements is also required to allow an agreement to transform into a contract and make it enforceable in law. For a valid contract, the basic elements that need to exist are: Agreement (comprising offer and acceptance): The existence of an offer and an acceptance are a means of analyzing the process of negotiation to decide whether a contract has been made and if so, when it was made. Mutual assent of the parties is the basic of an agreement. Consideration: This is the value given by the parties for the promise that is being made. Usually consideration takes the form of money, property and services. Capacity: Only parties who have capacity are able to enter the intro a valid and enforceable contract. Persons who are under age of have serious mental disability do not have legal capacity to enter into contract. Consent: If the parties do not enter onto the agreement willingly, the agreement could be regarded as invalid. Genuine consent into a contract can be affected by a number of issues. For examples, during the contractual negotiations, there may have been: Undue influence Mistake as to the terms and identify of the person Misrepresentation Unconscionable conduct Duress or coercion. Certainty: All the terms of a contract should be clear and precise such that the parties know that they are agreeing to. Legality: any agreement to violate the law or any agreement forbidden by law is void. Contracts are illegal for two reasons: firstly, because their object is illegal: secondly, because although the object is perfectly legal, the manner of making it is against the law. Figure of basic elements of a valid contract: Formation of a contract Certainty Legality Consent Intention to create legal relations Capacity Consideration Agreement Offer Acceptance Agreement, the parties must agree on the rights and obligation to be created under the contract. Agreement that is reached through a process of offer and acceptance is a primary part of any contact because it requires consents ad idem, the meeting of the minds of the parties ingoing into the contract. For example the model case was Affin Credit (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd v Yap Yuen Fui (1984), the Federal Court held that where there was no offer and acceptance, the purported hire-purchased agreement was declare void ab initio, and the agreement was void from the beginning. Thus it can be seen that agreement forms the basic of contract if there is no valid agreement to begin with, there can no be no valid contract at all. It is important that an agreement determine a contractual relationship, which means that it is essential for the parties to be able to define when an offer has been made and when the offer has been accepted. Offer proposal, also under the agreement, the person making the of fer or proposal is called the promisor or offeror. The person to whom the proposal or offer is being made to is recognized as the promisee or offeree. If this person accepts the offer, then he is also called the acceptor. An offer is referred to in s 2(a) of CA 1950 as a proposal which is made when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence. Acceptance, for a contract to be valid, there must be a proper acceptance by the offeree. Section 2(b) of CA 1950 provides that when by offeree signifies his assent to the offer, the offer is said to be accepted. Rules of a valid acceptance, if the acceptance of any promise is made in words, the promise is said to be express, and if the acceptance is made other than in words, the promise is said to be implied: s 9, CA 1950. Intention to create legal relations, an agreement reached between an offeror and an offeree will be a legally binding contract only if the parties intended that they should be legally bound. The parties intention to be bound can be specifically stated or be implied from their actions. Where intention is expressly stated, the courts would not impure otherwise unless there is strong evidence to prove the contrary. In social and domestic agreements between family and friends, there is a presumption that these agreements are not meant to be legally binding unless the contrary can be proven. In Balfour v Balfour (1919), the husband went to work in Ceylon and agreed to pay his wife 30 per month. He didnt pay the money and the wife sued. It was held that there was no contract because the parties didnt intend to create a legal relationship. In business and commercial agreements, which are more formal in nature; there is presumption that there is intention to create legal relations. Also, the intention to exclude legal consequences must be see out clearly in unambiguous words. The onus of proof is on the party who alleges that no legal effect is intended. Edwardss v Skyways (1964), the plaintiff who was a pilot was made redundant by the defendant. Ha had been informed by his pilots association that he would be given an ex gratia payment. The defendant failed to pay to pilot sued. The defendant argued that use of the words ex gratia. The court held that this agreement related to business matters and was presumed to be binding and the defendants had failed to rebut this presumption. Capacity to contract, in order to have a valid contract all parties to a contract must have capacity to enter into a contract. Capacity refers to the legal ability to go through into a contract and the law generally assumes that everyone has capacity to contract except certain categories of persons. Section 11 of CA 1950 presents that every person is competent to contract who are of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, of sound mind and not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. Certainty, agreements that are not certain in meaning or which the meaning is not capable of being made certain are void; s 30, CA 1950. The terms of an agreement ought to obvious, precise and certain. It cannot be vague. An agreement which is ambiguous and uncertain is not capable of being accepted as a valid contract. In Karuppan Chetty v Suah Thiam (1916), the contract was declared void as the phrase to last for last long as he likes carries uncertain definition. Legality, even where all the requirements of a valid contract discussed above the present, a contract may be illegal and thus unenforceable. Section 24 of CA 1950 further provides that the following consideration and objects are unlawful such as, it is forbidden by law and nature as to beat any law. In addition, it is fraudulent and involves or implies injury to person or property of another and the court regards it as dishonest, or opposed to public policy. Such agreements might be regarded as void. Consent, although all the elements of formation may be present rendering the contact valid, in certain circumstances if genuine consent is nit obtained, and then there can be no agreement and no contract between the parties. Even if consent is given, it may not have been freely given. Section 14 of CA 1950 states that consent is no free when it is result of coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, and mistake. Conclusion: In this subject, I had learned a lot of legal things. At the end of this question, I had been search out to identify the essential elements required to figure a simple and valid contract, and the factors that can influence its validity and how to recognized when agreements has been legally binding. Its very effective for our future when we had starts a business. Definition of question 2 Remedies that are existed for breach of contract would depend on the gravity of the effect and impact of the breach. The types of remedies that are available are such as rescission of contract, the contract is annulled and both sides are excused form further performance and any money advanced is returned. Secondly is the damages, an equitable quantum of money is paid to the plaintiff to compensate for any loss. Thirdly goes to specific performance, a court order requiring performance exactly as specified in the contract. This remedy is unusual, except in real estate transactions and other unique property, as the courts do not want to get elaborate with monitoring performance. As a final point, injunction is a court order directing one party to perform or to refrain doing a certain act. It is used more than ever in situations where a monetary award for damages would not satisfy a plaintiffs claim or would not protect personal or property right from irreparable harm. A remedy is very i mportant and critical in the legal relations. Remedies What are remedies? Remedies are when a party to a contract unjustifiably fails to declines to perform his part of the contract; the other party has a right of legal action. The methods which are given by the law to an innocent party by which he may enforce a right or redress an injury are called remedies. Remedies that are available for breach of contract would depend on the consequence and impact of the breach. Probable remedies are such as rescission of contract, damages, specific performance, and injunction. Equitable remedies are generally remedies other than the payment of damages. This would include such remedies as obtaining an injunction, or requiring specific performance a contract. To begin with rescission of contract, on a breach of a condition of a contract, the injured party may treat the contract as at an end (or rescinded) and refused to perform or implement his part of the contract. When one party to a contract has refused to perform, or disabled himself from performing his promise in its entirety, the promisee may put an end to the contract, unless he has signified, by words or conduct, his acquiescence in its continuance; s 40, CA 1950. A person who rightly rescinds a contract is also entitled to damages under s 76, CA 1950. Next, are damages? Section 76 of CA 1950 provides that the injured party or the party that has suffered loss has a right to compensation for the loss or damaged suffered, payable to the breach of contract and the aim of damages is to put the innocent party into a position he would have been, had the contract been performed. Such as compensatory or ordinary damages, these are damages that are given to be party who has suffered loss caused by the breach of contract. The general position with regard to damages for breach of contract is that damages may be improved as long as they are not too remote. In the other words, damages might only be recovered in the relevant losses for example arise naturally as a result of the breach or dont take place naturally but are losses which are parties knew, at the time they made the contract, would be probable result of the breach. This principle stems form the decision in Hedley v Baxendale (1854) and is also provided in s 74(1) of CA 1950. How many kind of damages that under damaged? For example, exemplary damages, liquidated damages, and nominal damages, and so on. Start with the exemplary damages, these damages are damages that required and/or awarded by the court when the defendants willful acts were malicious, violent, oppressive, fraudulent, wanton, or grossly reckless. These damages are awarded both as a punishment and to set a public example. Although often requested, exemplary damages are infrequently awarded. Next to liquidated damages, liquidated damages are monetary compensation whose amount the parties agree upon during the formation of a contract for the injured party to pull together as compensation if a specific breach occurs. Damages can be liquidated in a contract only if the injury is either uncertain or difficult to quantity, or it would be difficult to prove the loss, or it would be difficult to find another adequate remedy. Hence, the amount is reasonable and is considered the actual or anticipated harm ca used by the contract breach, and the damages are structured to function as damages, not as a penalty. Hence, of the above criteria are not met, a liquidated damages clause will be void. After that is turned to nominal damages. Nominal damages are damages which consist of a small amount of cash payment which the court orders to paid to the plaintiff who has suffered to quantifiable pecuniary loss. The award serves as a token of honor to the rights of the plaintiff. Nominal damages is habitually sought to obtain to legal record of who was at fault. Specific performance, specific performance is an equitable remedy. It is a specialized remedy used by the courts when no other remedy (such as money) will adequately compensate the injured party. In addition, specific performance is not a typical remedy. If a legal remedy will put the injured party in the position he would have enjoyed had the contract been fully performed, then the court will use that opportunity to instead. The most common courts grant specific performance is that the subject of the contract is exclusive. For example, Donald offers to sell Belle his beachfront house and Belle accepts. Donald subsequently decides to keep the house. Since there is no other house exactly like Donalds house, Belle may be entitled to specific performance of the contract and the court may compel Donald to sell the house. Some more, specific performance is governed by the Specific Relief Act 1950. Section 11 of Specific Relief Act 1950 provides the circumstances when a court may grant spe cific performance: Where the act agreed to be done is in performance, wholly or partly, of a trust. These exists no standard for ascertaining the actual damage caused by non performance of the act agreed to be done. Where pecuniary performance is an inadequate relief. Where pecuniary relief cannot be obtained for the breach. Sections 20 and 21 of Specific Relief Act 1950 state that specific performance cannot be granted where damages are granted, the terms of the contract are uncertain, there is evidence of fraud and the performance of the contract would involve hardship on the defendant. Injunction, an injunction is an order of the court restraining a person from doing a specific act in the future. It is granted only when it is just and equitable to do so having regard to all the circumstances of the case. Specific relief Act 1950, section 50 of Specific Relief Act 1950 provides that it is a preventive relief granted at the discretion of the courts. In respect of contracts, an injunction may be sought to prevent a party from committing a breach of contract. For example, the court may order that a seller be restrained from selling land to anyone else when the seller has contracted to sell that land to the plaintiff. A court may award damages to an injured party either in addition to, or in substitution for, an order of injunction. Quantum meruit, quantum meruit determines the amount to be paid for services, when no contract exists (a doctor giving emergency aid), or where the parties to a contract have failed to agree on a price, and so on. If there is an existing contract for a stipulated amount and the mode of compensation for services, the plaintiff cannot abandon the contract and resort to an action for quantum meruit. For example, if a person sues for payment for services in such circumstances, the court will calculate the amount due based on time and usual rate of pay or the customary charge, based on quantum meruit by implying a contract existed. Conclusion: For the end of this question, I had learned about the significant and important of the remedies in the legal relations. In this question, I can find out and understand the exchange of benefits and obligations between the parties, which makes the agreement enforceable. Furthermore, students also can consider and evaluate the factors that influence the availability of compensation for losses suffered from breach of contractual obligations and identify the described remedies other than damages which may be available to the victims of a breach of contract.

Gays in the Military :: Gay Military Government Laws Essays Homosexual

Very often political institutions reflect the will of society and set the precedent for norms that will be expected of its members. The United States Military is still enforcing archaic policies which threaten to harm the principles our nation was founded upon. The principles of freedom and equality are those that every American holds closest to their heart, that is unless you are in the military and are gay. The issue of gays in the military has developed into a case of whether our country should discriminate against a group merely because of involuntary sexual orientation. Two persistent principles are evident within this topic: that homosexuals are ever present throughout all branches of the military and a persistent hostility against this group is in American society and the military. In order to effectively examine this topic the following concepts will be discussed: an analysis of the current Department Of Defense policy concerning gays, solutions to reduce homophobia in the military, a policy model concerning homosexuals in the military ( Lepicer 1-14 ). Prior to the arrival of the Clinton Administration with its agenda to radically revise military policy regarding the acceptance and treatment of homosexuals, Department of Defense policy was well established and clear. Legal questions began to be raised in civilian courts challenging the military exclusion and discharge policies in the 1960's and 1970's. The services were forced to explain and clearly justify specific limits and procedures used in relation to service members claiming to be homosexual or convicted of such behavior. During the Carter Administration a clear policy was signed into law. It reads: Homosexuality is incompatible with military service. The presence in the military environment of persons who engage in homosexual conduct or who, by their statements, demonstrate a propensity to engage in such conduct, seriously impairs the accomplishment of the military mission. The presence of such members adversely affects the ability of the Military Services to maintain discipline, good order, and morale: to foster mutual trust and confidence among service members; to ensure the integrity of the system of rank and command; to facilitate assignment and worldwide deployment of service members who frequently must live and work under close conditions affording minimal privacy; to recruit and retain members of the Military Services: to maintain the public acceptability of military service; and to prevent breaches of security ( Lepicer ). Everyone agrees that gays were already in the military, but gays want to serve their country out of the closet. This concept pitted the gay community against the traditionalists who want to keep them out. The result is a compromising "Don't ask / Don't Tell" policy which prevents recruiters from

Positive Social Change Essay

Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a type of research that involves all parties who are considered relevant in the issue in examining together current action- considered as the source of the problem, for the promotion of change and improvement of such current situation. It is not the type of research that precedes future actions. It is an action which is researched, changed and re-researched, a continuing process by and for its participants. It may not be used by one group of people for their own benefit versus other groups that are also involved in the issue. It is genuinely democratic by nature and is non-coercive. The people who the research aims to help are also active participants to the research process (Wadsworth, 1998). Action research or participatory action research for the past few years has come out to be a significant methodology for intervention and developmental change programs within different communities and groups. It has been implemented and promoted by many agencies and programs, also by countless local community organizations around the globe which attests to its effectiveness (Checkland & Howell, 1998). The many theories and research in social psychology, such as action research, among others, that put all theories into practice has certainly effected positive change. They have helped in ascertaining reasons behind the surfacing of various problems- whether it be on the individual or societal level. Knowing the source or sources of the problems and the factors that come into play has helped in coming up with feasible solutions to such through intervention methods or coming up with community programs. There have been changes in the type of methods employed in social psychology research as the years go by. From seeing participants in research as the â€Å"other†, a â€Å"subject† which is reminiscent of scientific research methods, as gleaned above in the definition of Active Participatory Research, there comes a shift in the treatment of participants in the study as not merely passive subjects/objects but as co-researchers themselves. This has been seen to yield a richer understanding of the issues at hand and provides for easier enactment of proposed intervention programs. As such, it is my belief that future research in social psychology would veer towards this direction due to its effectiveness in pinpointing specific problem areas and formulating innovative solutions to such. This social psychology course has made an impact in my life in many ways. Studying theories and methods on human behavior has helped me become more aware of my own behavior and how it affects others. Knowing the detriment that my behavior may cause gives me the ability to slowly change my approach in interacting with others so as I will be able to have a more harmonious relationship with everyone around me. That said, this course in Social Psychology has not only helped me understand the world around me, but myself as well, that may yield positive changes not only in my life, but that of others’ around me as well. REFERENCE LIST Wadsworth, Y. (1998). What is Participatory Action Research? Australia: Institute of Workplace Research, Learning and Development, Southern Cross University Press. Checkland, P. , & Holwell, S. (1998). Action Research: Its Nature and Validity. Systemic Practice and Action Research, Volume 11, (Issue 1, Feb), p 9-21. Jenner, E. A. , Watson, P. W. B. , Miller, L. , Jones, F. , & Scott, G. M. (2002). Explaining hand hygiene practice: an extended application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 7(3), 311-326.

Comparism of an everyday text with a literary text Essay

Choose one every day and one literary text. Using at least two analytical techniques from E301, analyze and compare your two texts in terms of their creativity and literariness, drawing on material from both parts of the module. In this paper I will analyze and compare a literary text and an everyday text, in terms of their creativity and literariness. I chose Philip Larkin’s (1964) poem, ‘Self’s the man’ (see Appendix, Text 1), as the literary text for analysis because it is not only smooth and pleasing to the eye and mind that it seems effortless to read and contain within one’s self but also because it arouses so many emotions which makes it ideal for analysis. In ‘Self’s the man’ Larkin (1964), is being cynical towards relationships and through the satirization of marriage; he contrasts himself with a mythical other, Arnold, with a view of talking about who is more selfish, claiming that married people are as selfish as single ones, that is, for their own comfort as well as fear that they will be left alone for the rest of their lives, people jump into marriage. The everyday text that I have chosen to analyze and compare with the poem, is an advertisement by DEBEERS (see Appendix, Text 2), targeting men, persuading them to buy a diamond ring for their lady, since diamonds, just like marriage, are an investment. Diamonds are a symbol of eternal love and devotion and men are aware of this symbolism, hence, DE BEERS exploits that in the advertisement by ingraining in the minds of men that if they want to stop ‘a woman getting away’ (Larkin, 1964), they should make their ‘two months’ salary last forever’ (DE BEERS, 2004). Although at first glance the two texts seem completely different, they are seemingly connected by the same theme of ‘relationships’, however, from two different contrasting contexts, with Text 1, being a poem by Philip Larkin (1964), and Text 2, being an advertisement by DE BEERS (2004). In order to evaluate the creativity and literariness of a text, a thorough analysis of the language the writer has used is of supreme importance. However, before analyzing the texts, it is necessary to have a broad interpretation of creativity and literariness. According to Sternberg (1999:3), ‘Creativity is the ability to produce work that i s both novel (i.e. Original, unexpected) and appropriate (i.e. Adaptive concerning task constraints). Furthermore, Swann (2006: 7) asserts that ‘creativity is not restricted to literary texts but is a common aspect of our interactions with others’, which links closely to Papen’s and Tusting’s (2006:315) claim  that ‘all meaning making processes have a creative element’. Hence, it can be said that creativity can be found in all literacy practices, in the way that texts are constructed, read and interpreted. Creativity has textual, socio-cultural and cognitive aspects (Carter, 2004) and in this paper both chosen texts will be analyzed in terms of all three. Literariness, on the other hand, is defined by the Russian Formalists as a sum of special linguistic and formal ‘properties that could be located in literary texts’ (Maybin & Pearce, 2006:6). The Formalists elucidate the observable ‘devices’ by which literary texts, especially poems, foreground their own language, in rhyme, and other patterns of sound and repetition . Hence, literariness is to be perceived in terms of defamiliarization, as a series of deviations from ‘ordinary’ language, ‘in which our routine ways of seeing and thinking are disrupted; our perceptions freshened; and our awareness of the world heightened’ (Shklovsky, in Hawks, 1997:62). Cook (1994) asserts that literariness is based on the notion of schema disruption where the reader’s views and perspectives are challenged in some way. He proposes that literariness results when a text and linguistic deviation cause schema disruption, refreshment or even change, however, whether a text generates schema refreshment ultimately depends on the reader’s desire for it to happen. Therefore, who the reader is, how he approaches and perceives the text with distinct background knowledge and expectations, ultimately determines the literary value of a text. In my analysis, I will first apply Jakobson’s (1960) methodology, stylistics approach and Carter’s (1997) criteria of literariness to the two texts and then contrast them with illustrations in terms of interpretative schemata. My intention in doing so is to highlight some of the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches and also modes in which they interact to better comprehend the nature of cre ativity and literariness. On the graphological level, in Text 1, the noticeable attributes are the traditional lineation, stanza divisions of poetry, and the presence of standard punctuation. The poem has 8 stanzas in all and each stanza consists of 4 lines. This creates a set rhythmic pattern, particularly in conjunction with the rhyme scheme. Text 2, on the other hand, on a graphic level, uses full capitalization in order to emphasize every letter in the ad and make it  look trim and tidy. The headline uses larger, capital and bold letters to draw readers’ attention and make them curious about what the advertisement mainly has to say, leading them to continue on reading unconsciously by arousing their curiosity and desire to know more about the product and subsequently persuading them to buy it. Moreover, Text 2, illustrates graphological deviation, by using solid background colors, and a brilliant diamond ring to focus all the reader’s attention to. On the phonic level, Text 1 has little ir regularity. The rhyme scheme of the poem is AABB, CCDD, where lines 1 & 2 and 3 & 4, rhyme in every verse with an exception of half-rhyme in the 3rd (supper/paper) and 4th (houses/trousers; mother/summer) stanzas. The use of rhyme creates an ‘end stop’, whereby the reader pauses slightly, emphasizing the words that rhyme. In Jakobson’s methodology (1960), when phonemes rhyme in a text and/or alliteration is present together with other sound effects of verse, ‘it is at once both a deviation from the code and an imposition of order upon it’ (Cook, 1994:396). Presuming that rhyming of phonemes is unique, literary, and an attribute of text, it can be said that, Text 1, is both creative and literary. In Text 2, on the other hand, the nine-word headline also contains linguistic exploitation, in a way that highlights and depicts the message which makes it an interesting Carpe diem poem urging the reader to seize the day by making his two months’ salary last forev er. Although, Text 2 is an advertisement and attention of the reader is traditionally supposed to be on the meaning rather than the sound, it is interesting to see how the headline, ‘HOW CAN YOU MAKE TWO MONTHS’ SALARY LAST FOREVER?’ contains phonological parallelism with an inline-rhyme (You/Two: both words come from a paradigm of one syllable words containing the sound /uË /) which as mentioned above makes it, both, creative and literary. The lexis in Text 1 is ‘ordinary’ rather than ‘poetic’. Larkin’s (1964) deviation from Standard English by using colloquial lexis: ‘perk’, ‘nippers’, ‘kiddies’ clobber’; interests the reader and familiarizes them with the situation, which is effective in that it is easy to read if one can relate to the poet. Moreover, the constant use of the conjunction ‘and’, in the 2nd, 3rd and 7th stanzas highlights the bare, repetitive and boring lifestyle of Arnold which is reduced to mundane tasks. Text 2, on the other hand, exploits lexical ambiguity at the semantic level. Thus, the slogan â€Å"A Diamond Is Forever,†Ã‚  means both that ‘a diamond is a never-ending sign of love’ (that is, the diamond is not merely seen as a rock but rather as a sign of eternal love, hence, the diamond, in Text 2, is made to produce love and comes to mean ‘love’) and that ‘a diamond would always hold its value’. Additionally, affirmative and commendatory words and phrases (‘perfect’, ‘she’ll cherish’, ‘she’ll love’, ‘surprise her’, ‘diamond experts since 1888’) are widely used in, Text 2, to impress the potential customer of the quality of the diamond ring, to form positive image in their minds, win their trust and arouse their desire to buy it. Moreover, in Text 2, the use of second person addressee â€Å"you† tends to shorten the distance between the reader and the advertiser, making the advertisement more like a face-to-face conversation where the advertiser speaks to the readers in a tender tone, making sincere promises and honest recommendations. In so doing, the advertisement moves the reader to action since the reader feels he is being thought of and plays an important role for the manufacturer. Hence, it can be said that, Text 2, has an obvious conative function, since it is supposed to address and influence the reader to buy a product, unlike, Text 1, where the poetic function dominates, making it self-referential (Thornborrow, 2006). Turning to the grammatical characteristics of the texts, Text 1, just like its lexis, seems pointedly ‘unpoetic’. Apart from Short’s (1996) idea of cohesion which can be identified in the poem since it contains logical and clear links between sentences through the use of words such as ‘and’ (‘And when he finishes supper’), ‘but’ (‘But wait not too fast’) and in form of personal reference, that is, through the use of personal pronouns where Arnold is named at the beginning to introduce him as a topic and then onwards the pronouns ‘he’ and ‘his’ are employed anaphorically for subsequent reference , there are only a few glimpses of patterning or ‘poetic’ syntax. One grammatical deviance in Text 1 is found in line 18 (‘Makes me feel a swine’), where the writer’s omission of the word ‘like’ draws particular attention to itself by deviating from what is expected. Imagery, a stylistic device, is used in Text 1, in the 3rd and 4th stanzas, where the poet invites the readers to imagine Arnold wheeling the ‘nippers’†¦round the  houses’(L.13) as well as painting the hall ‘in his old trousers’ (L.14) obviously at the command of his wife. Furthermore, the stylistic device, diction, which is the choice of distinct words used in a text to not only communicate meaning but also emotions, is being cleverly used in Text 1. The diction of ‘Self’s the man’ is accurate, vivid, expressive and chosen wisely by the poet. For instance, in the following sentence, ‘She takes as her perk’ (L.6), the ‘speediness’ and ‘brusqueness’ of the verb ‘takes’ insinuates a sense of forced snatching possibly even before Arnold has counted his money. The noun ‘perk’ promotes a negative view of women, suggesting that Arnold’s wife is a gold digger who expects to be paid for being there. Moreover, Larkin’s use of the colloquial idiom, ‘having a read at†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ instead of ‘read’, insinuates Arnold’s chronic fatigue, robbing him of the power of serious concentration. The phrase ‘Put a screw in this wall’ (L11) highlights how Arnold’s wife has the upper hand in the relationship, that she nags and controls him and ‘He has no time at all’ (L12), for he has given his life to marriage. Through his diction, one can perceive the poet’s sarcastic and cynical tone in Text 1, portraying Arnold as being trapped, unhappy and unfulfilled since he is enslaved, dominated and directed by his wife and children. The last stanza is an indecisive finishing statement that shows that the poet has reached the conclusion that he has a superior strategy in playing the game of life, however, by saying ‘Or – I suppose I can’ in Line 32, he lets the readers interpret and decide for themselves who i s more selfish. On the other hand, the grammatical style marker of significance in, Text 2, is the extensive use of present tense which demonstrates not only the positive features of the diamond ring, satisfying the consumer’s desire to know the present state of the product he wants but also makes the advertisement easier to comprehend without transferring to other tenses. But there is another aspect of the simple present in, Text 2, and that is its implication of universality and timelessness. Moreover, the use of interrogative sentences, in Text 2, such as, ‘How often will you give her something she’ll cherish for the rest of her life?’ and ‘How can you make two months’ salary last forever?’ arouses the reader’s attention since they are, both, captivating and thought provoking. Carter’s (1997) criteria of literariness, assists in confirming the general  opinion that both texts have a relatively high degree of literariness. The first criterion of Carter (1997) which is evident in, Text 1, is medium dependence. ‘Self’s the man’ creates a world of internal reference where the reader’s attention is ultimately ‘drawn into the text itself’ (Maybin & Pearce, 2006:16). Perceptibly, a lack of direct referential communication exists with the reader’s concerns, which results in an ‘enclosing effect’ proposed by Widdowson (1975) as being an attribute of literature. Carter (1997) asserts that such a text, which exclusively depends on itself, throws the reader’s expectations and emotions into turmoil, making them ‘feel insecure thus adding intensity to the meaning of the text’ (Carter, 1997:67). However, he elucidates that ‘no text can be so entirely autonomous that it refers only to itself nor so rich that a reader’s own experience†¦cannot extend the world it creates’ (Carter, 1997:82) which relates to Widdowson’s (1975:36) theory that ‘literary interpretation†¦is not concerned with what the writer meant by the text, but what the text means, or might mean, to the reader’. On the other hand, Text 2, points towards an external, verifiable reality which if required, could be reordered or reformed without altering the meaning. Moreover, Text 2, communicates with the reader in such a way that he/she is bound by cooperative conditions of conventional communication. It also relies on another medium, the employment of an image, to assist in reinforcing the promotional and persuasive effect, which when combined, shows aspects of literary creativity. The next criterion proposed by Carter (1997), genre mixing, is a type of deviation which demonstrates how all language can be employed to generate a literary effect by this process. Text 1 shows examples of deviation at the level of words and meaning as it includes colloquial words and phrases which stand out from the surrounding text (perk’, ‘nippers’, ‘kiddies’ clobber’, ‘having a read at’) while Text 2, exploits the language typically associated with advertising which could be subtly redeployed for literary purposes. Text 2, also employs graphological deviation, through the use of different layout, size and typeface. Polysemy, the use of words or phrases that have more than one meaning, is another criterion of Carter’s (1997) which can be seen in the following sentence in Text 2: ‘A Diamond is Forever’. These words as mentioned earlier carry the meaning that ‘a diamond  is a symbol of eternal loveâ₠¬â„¢ and that ‘a diamond would always remain valuable’. Moreover, the headline in Text 2, ‘How can you make two months’ salary last forever?’ is also polysemous, telling men that ‘they should invest their two months’ salary in buying a diamond ring for their lady which will make their love last forever’ and that ‘since diamonds are rare, a symbol of success and the most valuable possession, its value will only increase with time’, hence they are an ideal investment for their money. Carter’s (1997) criterion of text patterning expatiates on Jakobson’s (1960) concept of parallelism, nevertheless, on a much broader textual scale. Texts get their meaning from their context and what meaning the writer desires to establish depends to a larger extent on the reader. By looking at the structure of Text 1 and the way it is presented, one can say that it was written for no distinct purpose other than to entertain, whereas, Text 1 has a definite pragmatic function, for it is written f or a particular purpose which is to inform and persuade the reader to buy a diamond ring. So far, I have followed Jakobson (1960), Carter (1997) and the stylistics point of view, to analyze the formal features of the texts. However, in order for a text to serve as a coherent communicative act, certain schemata of the reader must be activated to make sense of what they read by applying the text to significant and authentic experiences. Text 1, activates the reader’s ‘married life’, ‘single life’ and ‘selfishness VS selflessness’ schema and as a result, judgments are made which go beyond the text. In Text 1, I interpret the relevant reader (depending on the reader) schemata to be as follows: Script: selfishness VS unselfishness of married and single people Script: marriage is an act of selflessness Script: married life has the bliss of being a husband and father Script: single people are inferior to married people Script: stay single since marriage is a form of entrapment Script: married people are as selfish as singles In Text 2, I interpret the relevant reader schemata (depending on the reader) as follows: Script: buy a diamond ring Plan: give a diamond ring Plan: show love and devotion Plan: impress the woman Goal: marry the woman Or Script: buy a diamond ring Goal: perfect investment for money since a diamond’s worth will increase with time No obvious mention of these schemata was made by the writers of the texts and I have only come to these cognitive conclusions with my own cultural background influencing my intuition. It can be said that, Text 1, ultimately results in schema reinforcement since it corroborates the stereotypical presumptions about people and the world. Text 2, also results in schema reinforcement since the advertisers assume that readers share and recognize their plans and are persuadable to the recommendation and will purchase a diamond ring. The analyses manifest how Jakobson’s and Carter’s methodology operates only at the linguistic level and not at the schematic and discoursal level. The literariness of both texts cannot be represented in simple Stylistics, Carter’s or Jakobson’s approach. Only with reference to the reader’s distinct schemata, can one argue for their literar iness or lack of it. In conclusion, the analyses demonstrate the weaknesses of Stylistics, Jakobson’s and Carter’s inherency approach in isolation, highlighting the importance of the reader’s unique interpretative schemata. However, one should not cast aside Jakobson’s, Stylistics and inherency approach but rather supplement them with the pivotal role of the reader. The significance of a reader to determine the literariness of a text was neglected by Jakobson, although, interestingly, his philosophy strongly insinuates the presence of the reader. In order for a text to have a poetic function, it has to have an effect on the person reading the text, which is, the reader. Stylistics and Carter’s inherency focus, on the other hand, are only beneficial in showing that ‘there are no sharp cut-offs between literary and non-literary texts and that prototypical literary texts, even if not poems, contain poetic elements’ (Thornborrow, 2006:65). Hence, Text 1, with its few glimpses of linguistic patterning and deviation, may still be regarded as literary by many readers, whereas, Text 2, with its density of patterning and deviation will hardly be regarded as being literary only because it is classified as an advertisement. This, however, depends upon individual  readers since point of views and approaches present in the texts will arouse particular judgments in particular readers. These judgments will differ according to the schemata of the reader, and the extent to which their valued expectations and emotions are thrown into turmoil. Moreover, it can be said that both texts are wide open to recategorization as readers change for different readers will categorize a text differently. REFERENCES Carter, R (1997) in Goodman, S & O’Halloran, K. (2006) The art of English: Literary creativity, Open University, Milton Keynes, pp. 60-89 Carter, R (2004) Language and Creativity: The Art of Common Talk, London, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 1-226. Cook, D. (1994) in in Goodman, S & O’Halloran, K. (2006) The art of English: Literary creativity, Open University, Milton Keynes, pp. 37-43, 396-413 DeBeers, (2004) ‘How Can You Make Two Months Salary Last Forever’, [online], http://lessisabore.com/main_files/writing/04_diamond.html (Accessed on 2 April 2012) Grice, P. (1975) in Goodman, S & O’Halloran, K. (2006) The art of English: Literary creativity, Open University, Milton Keynes Jakobson (1960) in Goodman, S & O’Halloran, K. (2006) The art of English: Literary creativity, Open University, Milton Keynes, pp. 6-24, 49-74 Larkin, P (1964), The Whitsun Weddings, Faber & Faber Ltd, London, UK, p. 26 Maybin, J. & Pearce, M. (2006) in Goodm an, S & O’Halloran, K. (2006) The art of English: Literary creativity, Open University, Milton Keynes, p.6 Papen, U. & Tusting, K. (2006), in Maybin, J & Swann, J. (2006) The art of English: everyday creativity, Open University, Milton Keynes, pp. 312-331 Short, M. (1996) Exploring the Language of Poems, Plays and Prose, Addison Wesley Longman Ltd., Essex, UK Sternberg, R.J. (1999) in Carter, R. (2004) Language and Creativity: The Art of Common Talk, London, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, p.47 Thornborrow, J. (2006) in Goodman, S & O’Halloran, K. (2006) The art of English: Literary creativity, Open University, Milton Keynes, pp.50-74 Widdowson, H. (2006) in Goodman, S & O’Halloran, K. (2006) The art of English: Literary creativity, Open University, Milton Keynes, pp. 30-37

Why does Mrs Maloney get away and Roylott doesnt Essay Example

Why does Mrs Maloney get away and Roylott doesnt Essay Example Why does Mrs Maloney get away and Roylott doesnt Essay Why does Mrs Maloney get away and Roylott doesnt Essay Essay Topic: Literature Although both Lambs to the Slaughter and the Speckled Band are of the same genre (murder mystery) they have many differences making them different from each other. These differences suggest why Mrs Maloney gets away and Roylott doesnt get away with it. The protagonist in each story is viewed in a different way. We watch Maloney to see if she gets found out, Sherlock Holmes to catch his man because Sherlock Holmes always gets his man. From this simple quote his man you can see it brings up a number of issues concerning the historical differences in the story. His man already suggests the murderer is a man because of the sexist views on woman on this time. Roald Dahl capitalises on this idea and makes a change. This shows how the audience expectation over time changes and what changing prolonging ideas do to the surprising aspects of the story. There are countless differences in the stories although theyre of the same genre: murderers are of different sex, Roylott is selfish selfless; Mrs Maloney is selfless, protagonist murderer; protagonist detective. These are just a few of the differences. These sources show that the two stories could be of there own specialised genre because of the vast number of differences. They could be in their own category within the murder mystery genre. This suggests why Roylott is caught and Mrs Maloney isnt, because their two different genres, within the vast murder mystery genre. The murderers caught in one genre and in the other genre the murderer doesnt. In Roylotts book genre he gets caught because that is the way it is in that particular genre. Although there are many differences there are also many similarities, which makes the two stories, fall under the same genre: both involve murders, both are stories, both employ unexpected murder weapons. The time difference in the two stories means that the people have a different expectation of what expect in a story. The time difference in the Speckled Band is clearly shown by the language, yet you had a good drive in a dogcart. We wouldnt use dogcart in todays language; if people wrote differently their expectation is bound to of changed. The audience at the time of the Speckled Band Would expect the murderer to be a man. Change in audience suggests why Roylott gets caught and Mrs Maloney doesnt. Out of the two murderers Roylott seems the more likely to get away with the murder because he is very scheming. He plans the whole murder, which seems flawless and hes a doctor so hes intelligent enough to get away with planning a successful murder. Mrs Maloney on the other hand because she doesnt work and stays at home waiting for her husband would be less intelligent, Mary Maloney was waiting for her husband to come home from work. This would be normal for a mid 20th housewife to stay at home and wait for husband. A woman wouldnt be expected to work let alone kill someone. A woman wouldnt be able to conceal such a crime without planning it according to audience preconceptions: At that point Mary Maloney simply walked up behind him and without any pause she swung the big frozen leg on the back of his head. She also loved the man so much she would do anything for him, she loved to luxuriate in the presence of this man. Any reader, Dahls 20th century one audience or Doyle that emotional state to be caught where as Roylott who took a medical degree and went to Calcutta, where by his own professional skill, he established a large practice wouldnt. Just for being a woman and not a man a Doyles 19th century audience and Dahls 20th century audience would expect Mrs. Maloney to be caught. Also Roylott to a 19th century reader would be thought to be tougher than a woman who are portrayed weaker in the Speckled Band as well as in Lamb to the Slaughter. Ii was Mrs Stoner who went to see Holmes because she was scared, its not the cold that makes me shiver. Roald Dahls subverts what people expect and makes Mrs Maloney the murderer to surprise the audience. It is even more surprising for Doyles 19th century audience and Dahls 20th century audience that Mrs Maloney gets away with it. Mrs Maloney gets away with it because Dahl as an author wants to surprise the audience by making something unexpected happen. The story is a murder mystery and it is a shock to the audience that a woman could kill. Dahl shocks his Lamb to the Slaughter reader because it is not Mary Maloney (not because she is a woman) but her husband who seems the more likely killer. When her husband comes in, his mind seems to be occupied by something else. He seems to answer her questions rudely, darling shall I get your slippers (Mrs Maloney speaking) no he answers (Mr Maloney). He answers the next questions no, I dont want it, forget it. Clearly he doesnt really want to speak to her. Mr Maloney is also drinking heavily: When he (Mr Maloney) came back, she noticed that the new drink was dark amber with the quantity of whisky in it. Mr Maloney was clearly occupied by something else and dinking heavily. Any reader, whether it was 100 years ago or present day would expect Mr Maloney to be the murderer. Dahl then makes Mrs Maloney the murderer to surprise the audience. This suggests why Mary Maloney kills in the first place, to make it a better story. Mary Maloney seems the unlikely murder to surprise the audience. Mrs Maloney seems to be the more unlikely murderer to surprise the audience. Mrs Maloney seems exceptionally happy and very much enjoyed the company of her husband, she loved to luxuriate in the presence of this man She seems eager to do anything for her husband, Ill get it she cried (Mrs Maloney) jumping up. It isnt at all obvious right up to the point that she kills her husband that Mary Maloney is the murderer. Any audience, Dahl or Doyles would not put Mrs Maloney, such a loving wife, on their list of suspects. This (the element of surprise) idea, which I have expressed earlier, is what Dahl capitalises on. This is even more so for Dahls mid 20th century audience who even more surprised the woman is a murderer. In the Speckled band it isnt a shock to see that Roylott is the murderer. Dr Roylott is a violent aggressive character. In the start of the story Mrs Stoner describes how he beat his native butler to death and, on his return to England, his own two stepdaughters and everybody in the local area fear him: .. For he (Roylott) is a man of immense strength, and absolutely uncontrollable in his anger. Any reader, whether it is Doyles original 19th century audience or a modern on, would place Roylott at the top of their fist of suspects. Doyle chooses such a two dimensional-character in Roylott. Roylott is easy to dislike because of his selfish, uncaring and mean behaviour, I am a dangerous man to fall foul of he shouts at Holmes furiously. From his first appearance you can tell hes a horrible man thats easy to dislike. Holmes the meddler, Roylott screams. It would be against the conventions of Holmes for the horrible, bad, murderer to get away with it. Any reader of the Speckled Band irrespective of time would want Dr Roylott to get caught. If Mrs Maloney a nice woman were the murderer in the Speckled Band she would probably get away with it again. The fact that Roylott is horrible suggests why he is caught and Mrs Maloney isnt. We also feel pity for Mrs Maloney and if we felt pity for Roylott, Holmes wouldnt be able to catch him because it would be against conventions of the good detective catching the bad killer. This suggests why Roylott is caught. We feel pity for Mrs Maloney because she only hides her crime to protect her baby, what were the laws on unborn children? Did they kill them both mother and child. These factors build on the growing pity the audience is feeling for Mrs Maloney. Her husband who she loved so much, for her (Mrs Maloney) this was a blissful time of day enjoying his (her husbands) company after the long hours alone in the house, told her he was having a affair: This is going to be a bit of a shock to you, Im afraid he said (Mr Maloney) nd he told her She sat very still through it all, watching him with a kind of dazed horror. She kills her husband because she is mentally unstable and the growing emotion is taken out as she kills her husband. No wonder the audience feels pity for audience would, whether its Dahls 20th century one, or Doyles original 19th century one. These factors suggest Roylott was caught, because hes the bad guy and the bad guy always loses. Mrs Maloney wasnt caught because she was on the good side. This evidence shows why Mrs Maloney gets away, Roylott does not. It is also questionable whether Mrs Maloney does get away with it in these circumstances. Her husband who she greatly relied on not just for expenses, of course Ill give you money but for love, is dead. She is also left with a baby to bring up without a dad and without the money he would supply. Does Mrs Maloney get away with it? Clearly to any reader, she doesnt. So does it mean both Roylott and Mrs Maloney were caught but just in different ways. The earlier quotes link in with the motive, Roylotts is selfish; Mrs Maloneys is selfless. Mary Maloney killed her husband because he was having an affair or something along the lines. Dahl leaves the reader to play at detective; he leaves some unsolved clues, which Doyle does not allow the freedom of because Sherlock Holmes cannot miss a thing: And he told her; it didnt take long, four or five minutes at the most, and sh sat very sill through it all, with a kind of dazed horror. She is so in love with he husband she ignores him: It occurred to her he hadnt even spoken After this she realises her world is falling apart and she cracks, hence the killing. The motive, which is so cleverly hidden by Roald Dahl, is not so apparent but we have a fair idea what it is by her reaction. Any reader would be just as emotionally jacked up to killing someone; anyone would, considering her state of affairs. On the other Roylotts selfish killing for money more than underlines his greedy personality. His motive is clear and we can see why he may want to kill his stepdaughters when Mrs Stoner tells his story. We find out that in the event of marriage Roylott: would have to pay a certain annual sum in the event of our (Mrs Stoner and her sisters) marriage. Mrs Stoners twin sisters suspiciously die the night before her wedding. This shows Roylotts clear motive to kill his two stepdaughters before the night of their wedding. Mrs Stoners twin sister was killed the night before her wedding and a few weeks before this heard a strange whistle. Now Mrs Stoner before her wedding hears the same whistle: Imagine, then, my thrill of terror last night when I heard in the silence of the night the low whistle. What a coincidence! The evidence shows to any reader Roylott has a clear motive (for money) to kill his two stepdaughters and that he has already killed one. The evidence shows Roylott: is selfish; Mrs Maloneys is selfless as stated previously or Roylott is killing for money (which he does not need) and Mrs Maloney for emotional pain of having to bring up a baby on her own. Roylotts clear motive, which is apparent to a reader of either Lamb to the Slaughter or the Speckled Band, shows that he is the murderer, its just a matter of obtaining evidence. Roylotts selfish plot is uncovered because he is selfish and Sherlock Holmes as one of the conventions of his character always gets his selfish murderer. Roylott when under pressure from Holmes in the Speckled Band loses his temper and subsequently goes to Holmess house. He shouts at Holmes ever more underlining that hes the killer. If he didnt kill his stepdaughters he wouldnt worry because Holmes would not find any evidence. By going to the house and losing his temper he is almost begging to be caught: Holmes then Scotland Yard jack in the office! Roylott is so obviously the murderer any reader would be putting their life on it. The story would all most be stupid if he didnt get caught. Roylotts horrible, nasty portrayal is underlined when he storms in Holmess house: The ejaculation had been drawn from my companion (Holmes) our door had been suddenly dashed open. This underlines the audiences hate of him. His two dimensional bad man image makes the audience hate him, which makes Doyles portrayal successful. Doyle wants us to hate him so the reader reads on to see if he does get caught, which in the end is true this audience are satisfied someone they hate is caught. In Lamb to the Slaughter Mary Maloney conceals her crime in a number of ways. Firstly, lucidly enough for her she suddenly hits out at her husband with a leg of lamb and not an obvious murder weapon like a knife: Mary Maloney walked up and Swung the big frozen leg of lamb, down as hard as she could on the back of his head. This isnt an expected murder weapon and works to her side later on when the detectives eat it. After her sudden act of emotion she pulls herself together and practises speaking to the green grocer, which could act as an alibi. She tried a smile. It came out rather peculiar Hullo Sam, she (Mrs Maloney) said. She then actually goes to the green grocer and acts very calm: Patrick decided he doesnt want to eat out tonight. This shows that by managing to keep calm when under pressure, unlike Roylott, Mrs Maloney successfully hides her crime. This suggests to a modern or 19th century audience by acting natural and not losing your temper like Mrs Malone you would not get caught. After getting her alibi Mrs Maloney goes back to the lamb in the oven, which, she put in earlier acting natural. She phones the police not before seeing her husband dead on the floor, which gets her in a state, realising what she had done. This makes it easy to act natural like she says Quick! Come Patricks dead! The police arrive and go about the business of checking for clues. She then offers them a drink playing the typically portrayed housewife image. The policeman answers, I m not strictly allowed but Ill have just the one to keep me going. Mrs Maloney hears the detective that went to see the greengrocer talking about how she acted when she bought the stuff for dinner there. The detective says she was, very cheerful impossible that she (killed her husband). This shows she has got a successful alibi in he greengrocer. Mrs Maloney then goes back to manipulating the policemen by begging them to eat the lamb, please she begged eat it. Through these actions of manipulating the policemen she gets away with it. The main aspect of Mrs Maloneys story is based on the representation of woman to be feeble. Roald Dahl subverts traditional conventions by making a woman (Mrs Maloney) the murderer. A reader in the 19th century would be shocked at the idea of a woman murdering because of the sexist views on woman at this time. This is the principle reason why Mrs Maloney gets away. She plays on the convention that women are feeble breaking the convention of the male murderer. The detectives before anything subconsciously think its a man: Its the same old story. Get the murder weapon, and youve got your man. The detectives already think its a man and when she manipulates them into thinking She would never do it they have got know chance of getting her, why dont you have one yourself (Mrs Maloney as detective for a drink) you must be awfully tired. She is clearly trying to manipulate them to any reader. Unlike Roylott who is typical murderer, a man, who killed a butler, who makes Folks fly at his approach, Mrs Maloney is your much complex character who clearly to any reader or in this case the policemen not a obvious murderer. Roylott gets caught because he is your average easy to catch murderer because of what he is. If he were a nice woman who never banned anything he would not get caught. Likewise if Mrs Maloney drunk heavily wore shabby clothes she would probably get caught. It doesnt matter whos got the best plan its who is portrayed without the characteristics of your normal stereotypical murder. Mrs Maloney knows she (Mrs Maloney) knew nearly all of the men (policemen) at the precinct which adds to her favour. The policemen dont need much manipulating because they know she is a loving housewife, they (the policemen) were always nice to her. If she was horrible they wouldnt be nice but they are always nice to her, always almost suggest they make a special effort to be nice to her. Any reader irrespective of time, from the evidence shown could say all the factors of who she is as a person and what she is (a woman) successfully lead to her survival. Mrs Maloney manipulates them into eating the lamb, you must be terribly hungry and (Mrs Maloney) know Patrick would never forgive me. The police eat the lamb totally feeling sorry for Mrs Maloney. In the other room Mary Maloney to giggle shows her acknowledging the fact she manipulated them and to us she succeeded in breaking conventions. Mrs Maloney clearly manipulated so much she had the policemen breaking rules. She asks Jack Noonan a detective if he wants a whisky to which he replies Im not strictly allowed, but through Mary Maloneys manipulation he does anyway but (the detective) might just take one drop to keep me going. She then manipulates the others to having a drink, one by one the others came in and were persuaded to take a little nip of whisky. She has clearly to any audience over powering them, the whole group falling straight into her trap. The group stood round rather awkwardly trying to say consoling things, it wouldnt be awkward if they didnt care or feel sorry for her they wouldnt try to sat the right things to her but she has manipulated them so much they are going out there way to be nice. Clearly to any reader whether it a 19th century Doyle reader or a modern one you can clearly see she has manipulated them. Her behaviour before her husbands death and after is totally contrasting. From the lovely housewife she turns into a crafty killer. This shows shes more than just a housewife, like all women are but she is portrayed leading us to think differently. Unlike Mary Maloney Roylott fails to manipulate the detectives but even worse approaches them with threats. Roylotts more complex way of disguising the crime, which he thinks will hide it, is secondary to how the characters are portrayed. If you know someone did the crime its just a matter of finding evidence but if you are led to believe its definitely not them you dont even try to catch him or her, this is Roylotts fault. Roylott trys to conceal his crime by training a snake to go up a ventilator, the rope was there as a bridge for something to pass through. Roylott was put in the story to be caught by the ever-successful Holmes; if Roylott werent caught the story would be unsuccessful. The story is a jigsaw puzzle, which to us seems impossible but all the while Doyle knows Holmes will uncover it making him look intelligent and clever. Irrespective of time Holmes will always get his man. Any reader realises this as soon as Holmess name is mentioned. If Sherlock Holmes were investigating Mrs Maloney It is questionable whether she would get away with it. Note man underlines that men are the prime suspects and this is true to any audience irrespective of time. So why does Roylott get caught and Mrs Maloney doesnt? There are many aspects to say why and why not. Mrs Maloney is the protagonist in one leading her to come out on top. This is one important factor into who gets caught. They should be separated into different genres because they are so different (many differences) but it is due mainly to the authors to outcome of the story.

Free Essays on Meditation

My bread meditation experience was honestly very hard. This made me think about a lot in life, as did my desert experience. I didn’t realize how hard it would be to just eat bread for a meal. Can we just survive on bread? I don’t know that would be so hard I guess we could if we really needed to. I sat looked at my piece of bread and just thought for a little while before I ate it. I thought about those people that have less than me in different countries. How much I should really appreciate just this little piece of bread. I thought, is it going to fill me up? Probably not but I should be fortunate to just have this. I began to eat the piece of bread and I ate it very slowly making sure I told myself mentally and spiritually to cherish this piece. As I was eating it I also began to think about The Last Supper and how special a simple piece of bred can be in so many different of ways. This is the body of Christ that we are eating Jesus sacrificed His body and blood for us. When I go to church on Sunday I always here â€Å"The Body of Christ† as I receive communion, and I would always kind of put that in the back of my mind. I think this experience informs me a little bit more on the importance of that simple piece of bread â€Å"The Body of Christ†. The other day I was rummaging through my cabinets looking for food and complaining because I didn’t have anything I wanted to eat, this was before my bread experience. Now that I look back on it I probably could have made over twenty different meals but it wasn’t anything I wanted at that time so I got upset. This me ditation really made me appreciate everything I have in life. Jesus statement to Peter is kind of confusing to me, I’m not really sure what Jesus is trying to get across to Peter. If I had to make an assumption I would say that Jesus is saying if you love me you would do anything for me as Jesus loved us and gave up His body and blood for us. Someth... Free Essays on Meditation Free Essays on Meditation My bread meditation experience was honestly very hard. This made me think about a lot in life, as did my desert experience. I didn’t realize how hard it would be to just eat bread for a meal. Can we just survive on bread? I don’t know that would be so hard I guess we could if we really needed to. I sat looked at my piece of bread and just thought for a little while before I ate it. I thought about those people that have less than me in different countries. How much I should really appreciate just this little piece of bread. I thought, is it going to fill me up? Probably not but I should be fortunate to just have this. I began to eat the piece of bread and I ate it very slowly making sure I told myself mentally and spiritually to cherish this piece. As I was eating it I also began to think about The Last Supper and how special a simple piece of bred can be in so many different of ways. This is the body of Christ that we are eating Jesus sacrificed His body and blood for us. When I go to church on Sunday I always here â€Å"The Body of Christ† as I receive communion, and I would always kind of put that in the back of my mind. I think this experience informs me a little bit more on the importance of that simple piece of bread â€Å"The Body of Christ†. The other day I was rummaging through my cabinets looking for food and complaining because I didn’t have anything I wanted to eat, this was before my bread experience. Now that I look back on it I probably could have made over twenty different meals but it wasn’t anything I wanted at that time so I got upset. This me ditation really made me appreciate everything I have in life. Jesus statement to Peter is kind of confusing to me, I’m not really sure what Jesus is trying to get across to Peter. If I had to make an assumption I would say that Jesus is saying if you love me you would do anything for me as Jesus loved us and gave up His body and blood for us. Someth...

AIDS Em Sao Paulo(POR) Essay Example For Students

AIDS Em Sao Paulo(POR) Essay AIDS em Sao PauloO Brasil ocupa lugar de destaque entre os paises com maior numero de casos conhecidos de AIDS, contabilizando 170.073 casos (ate 30/08/99), com a epidemia sem evidencias de controle. A AIDS vem infectando principalmente pessoas cada vez mais jovens e pobres. As praticas sexuais sao as formas de transmissao mais importante. Por outro lado, as mulheres vem sendo infectadas mais e mais, com uma velocidade de aumento da epidemia superior ao que ocurre entre os homens, sendo que nos ultimos anos a relacao entre os casos notificados em homens e mulheres e de 3 a 1. Um reflexo da epidemia alcanca cada vez mais as mulheres, e a crescente repercussao na transmissao materno-infantil do HIV. No Estado de Sao Paulo, este situacao e particularmente mais grave, aqui ja foram notificados 85.590 casos de AIDS (ate 31/12/99), que e cerca de 50% dos casos notificados no Brasil. A Cidade de Sao Paulo, com uma populacao 30.000.000 habitantes, acumula 39.042 casos notificados (ate 31/12/99), representando praticamente 25% dos casos do Pais. Aqui, a AIDS, representa a segunda causa de morte entre homens adultos desde 1991 e a primeira causa de morte entre as mulheres da mesma faixa etaria desde 1993. Com 70% da populacao que ganha ate tres salarios minimos e quatro milhoes de menores abandonados, nao e dificil compreender a suitacao. O crescimiento pode ser justificado por varias razoes, tais como: mudancas do comportamento sexual; a relacao direta e indireta com as drogas; a epidemia de AIDS; a dificuldade dos portadores de DST no acesso aos servicos publicos de saude; entre outras. Esta dificuldade de acesso aos servicos publicos de saude e observada em muitos estudos. Sao Paulo, sendo a cidade mais grande do Latin America, da um terrivel prognostico de o que pode ocorrer no resto de continente. A economia de Sao Paulo, que #7869; responsavel por a mitade da economia do pais, se ha visto afectada por AIDS. E muito importante que medidas preventivas sao usadas para combatir a epidemia, ou o que Sao Paulo ha visto ate agora e nada comparado com o que o futuro nos trara.

Fact sheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fact sheet - Essay Example The leaves are also dark green in color which is shiny on the paler underneath and at the top with its petiole section being red and long in size. In the fall, the leaves with smooth margins will usually turn yellow. Habitat: Bigleaf maple grows in moist soils and areas that are shingle and rough in nature. There is a high likelihood of the trees surviving in areas which are next to the lake, river and stream edges compared to other wet regions such as the seepage areas. [1]. The species mostly occurs in mixed group of trees with black, red alder, Douglas –fir, cottonwood, western hemlock and Western red Cedar. Mice, grosbeaks and squirrels usually eat on the seeds of this species while the elk and deer often feed on its twigs. Use: The tree can be used in making of hooks for clothes, dishes and pipes. [1]. They are also used in making of paddles; occasionally, the inner back can be used in making ropes, baskets and whisks which are used for whipping soopolallie berries [1]. Notes: In fact, the Maple flowers are one kind of food that can be eaten with salad together. It is quite sweet. For the bark of the Bigleaf maple trees, it is rich in calcium and moisture because the trees are usually in wet rainforest plant community. It should be noted that the flower of Bigleaf maple just like other Maple is one of the delicious meals that can be eaten together with salad. The bark of the tree on the other hand is rich in moisture and calcium given that they are found within the community of

Mechanisms of disease and diseases of skin, bone and muscles Essay

Mechanisms of disease and diseases of skin, bone and muscles - Essay Example Additionally, apparently the upper layers of the dermis or the complete epidermis might be damaged, as a result of the grease fire in the kitchen. The wound and swelling may appear red or pink in color with watery texture and is painful, as he complained. This wound may get blanched with application of pressure too. Fortunately, with second degree burns of partial thickness, it should be healed within 10-21 days without grafting and appearance of scar marks will be minimal. 2. Since Margie experienced swelling in your knee within just 5-10 minutes of the basketball accident, it generally means her ACL is injured it is necessary to get medical attention without delay, otherwise it may cause permanent damage to one’s knee. It is rarely seen that an injured ACL does not cause any swelling (McCance & Huether, 2014). Next in the list of torn ACL symptom is pain. Any person having ACL injury gets pain most of the time. It is very rare that an ACL injury patient does not get a pain and it has happened earlier. The pain can vary from mild to severe. The doctor should see if Margie’s knee get swollen and it will not be unusual if your knee possesses a small amount of fluid in it. Furthermore, if the doctor sees that Margie’s knee has swelled up like a basketball, there are high chances that Margie has got an ACL injury or a fracture. Margie heard a pop sound that is not as minor or low when one cracks one’s knuckles. This popping sou nd also does not refer to the ones that one generally feels with the motion of the knee. If Margie has heard a powerful, loud and painful pop sound, after she had an injury in her knee – this generally means she has got a torn ligament. Many athletes generally confess to their teammates that they heard a pop sound when their ACLs are torn. One cannot bear one’s own weight and experiences extreme pain while walking is the general complaint. There are many injuries that can cause serious pain in one’s leg

Laughing leads to learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Laughing leads to learning - Essay Example Stambor makes a strong case for humor by quoting Johns Hopkins professor Ron Berk as saying that the use of comedy in the classroom â€Å"helps relieve fear and reduce anxiety." He also quotes Berk as saying that humor can relieve both the physical and psychological stress that students may feel from the pressure of succeeding in the classroom. Stambor also says that there is â€Å"a growing body of research† that humor can result in â€Å"boosting participation and increasing students' motivation to focus on the material.† ! While comedy can be helpful, Stamor also makes the important point that there are ways of using humor which are not useful. He says that researcher Melissa Bekelja Wanzer of Canisius College believes that â€Å"instructors who use distracting or inappropriate humor can actually interfere with students' learning.† Stamor quotes another scholar, Jennings Bryant from Alabama University, who says that â€Å"humor can be overdone to the point t hat students are so busy awaiting the next gag that they miss the teacher's message.† Referemces How laughing leads to learning, By Stambor, Zac, Monitor Staff June 2006, Vol 37, No. 6. Print version: page 62

Summary Of John Heads The Brutal Business of Boxing Essay

Summary Of John Heads The Brutal Business of Boxing - Essay Example of how Ali managed to cover this actual reality into a mirage of entertainment and amusement – ‘ He really did â€Å"float like a butterfly and sting like a bee†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and ‘His matches seemed more like ballet than boxing’. What Head wants to illustrate through these example is that, people loved enjoyed Ali’s fights so much and were so amused by his athletism that they forgot that it was a FIGHT and the opponent is getting hurt or even injured seriously. In paragraph six , Head says that this business is unforgiving so much so that Ali’ whose reflexes were so fast that they seemed acts of wizardry is now suffering from the after effects of what he endured during his fights in the ring. Although he won and humiliated his opponents but in the end he also is at a stage where The Great and Strong Mohammad Ali has gone weak and whose roars were famous is now only restricted to silent hesitant whispers. From the mighty Head diverts the atten tion towards the defeated Jimmy Garcia who lost his life in this dirty business at the feeble age of 23. In paragraph seven he says that he got pummeled to death so that the audience could get worth of what they paid for. ‘What sets boxing apart is that its one sport in which one scores by injuring other opponent’ Head says while replying to boxing fans who say it is only as dangerous other sports out there. In the end he clearly calls out for banning this sport as its fatal and barbaric while your fighting and even when you quit it. Boxing should be banned as its results for the contenders are horrific. Though during the match only the looser suffers but in the long run every boxer suffers from the after effect of the hits he endured which a normal human body is not designed to resist. It is barbarism in the cover of

K.Marx selected writting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

K.Marx selected writting - Essay Example â€Å"†¦most people today would probably say that Marxism’s day is over, that Marx’s ideas have been proven empirically false and morally bankrupt, and that it is time to sweep away the remnants of Marx’s influence into the â€Å"dustbin of history.†(Introduction, ix) So, the ardent supporters of the cause of the labor had to revise their strategies, though lip-service continues to be paid to the ideology from different platforms even now. For Marx, labor is a commodity and needs to be evaluated thus. When Marx wrote about the alienation of labor, it was the most miserable commodity. Marx categorized the entire society into two classes: those with property and the one without property, who labor. In the Manuscripts titled â€Å"Alienated Labor† Marx deals with the basic causes of alienation. It takes place within the economic system of capitalism. â€Å"We now have to grasp the essential connection among private property, greed, division of labor, capital and landownership, and the connection of exchange with competition, of value with the devaluation of men, of monopoly with competition, etc., and of this whole alienation with the money-system,"(59) writes Karl Marx. The contention of Marx is political economy gives no proper explanation about the foundation of the division between labor and capital and also between capital and land. Interest of the capitalist assumes supreme importance. Another important aspect that eventually hurts the labor is competition. This is a mesmerizing tool with the capitalist that is important in successfully running the business. The other aspect of competition is greed and in the capitalist system it is the war of the greedy and aggrandizement of wealth. Labor, the â€Å"eternal natural necessity which mediates the metabolism between man and nature†, (223) is transformed into an alienated commodity to be bought and sold. With the advancement of the capitalist structure, the labor is denied most of the necessary objects,

Laughing leads to learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Laughing leads to learning - Essay Example Stambor makes a strong case for humor by quoting Johns Hopkins professor Ron Berk as saying that the use of comedy in the classroom â€Å"helps relieve fear and reduce anxiety." He also quotes Berk as saying that humor can relieve both the physical and psychological stress that students may feel from the pressure of succeeding in the classroom. Stambor also says that there is â€Å"a growing body of research† that humor can result in â€Å"boosting participation and increasing students' motivation to focus on the material.† ! While comedy can be helpful, Stamor also makes the important point that there are ways of using humor which are not useful. He says that researcher Melissa Bekelja Wanzer of Canisius College believes that â€Å"instructors who use distracting or inappropriate humor can actually interfere with students' learning.† Stamor quotes another scholar, Jennings Bryant from Alabama University, who says that â€Å"humor can be overdone to the point t hat students are so busy awaiting the next gag that they miss the teacher's message.† Referemces How laughing leads to learning, By Stambor, Zac, Monitor Staff June 2006, Vol 37, No. 6. Print version: page 62

K.Marx selected writting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

K.Marx selected writting - Essay Example â€Å"†¦most people today would probably say that Marxism’s day is over, that Marx’s ideas have been proven empirically false and morally bankrupt, and that it is time to sweep away the remnants of Marx’s influence into the â€Å"dustbin of history.†(Introduction, ix) So, the ardent supporters of the cause of the labor had to revise their strategies, though lip-service continues to be paid to the ideology from different platforms even now. For Marx, labor is a commodity and needs to be evaluated thus. When Marx wrote about the alienation of labor, it was the most miserable commodity. Marx categorized the entire society into two classes: those with property and the one without property, who labor. In the Manuscripts titled â€Å"Alienated Labor† Marx deals with the basic causes of alienation. It takes place within the economic system of capitalism. â€Å"We now have to grasp the essential connection among private property, greed, division of labor, capital and landownership, and the connection of exchange with competition, of value with the devaluation of men, of monopoly with competition, etc., and of this whole alienation with the money-system,"(59) writes Karl Marx. The contention of Marx is political economy gives no proper explanation about the foundation of the division between labor and capital and also between capital and land. Interest of the capitalist assumes supreme importance. Another important aspect that eventually hurts the labor is competition. This is a mesmerizing tool with the capitalist that is important in successfully running the business. The other aspect of competition is greed and in the capitalist system it is the war of the greedy and aggrandizement of wealth. Labor, the â€Å"eternal natural necessity which mediates the metabolism between man and nature†, (223) is transformed into an alienated commodity to be bought and sold. With the advancement of the capitalist structure, the labor is denied most of the necessary objects,

Cybercrime Continue to Rise Essay Example for Free

Cybercrime Continue to Rise Essay Cybercrime is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide with more than a million people becoming victims every single day, according to the Norton Cybercrime Report 2011. The victims of cybercrime also paid dearly with a total loss of US$388bil (RM1. 21bil) to cybercriminals in 2010. Effendy Ibrahim, director of consumer business at Symantec Asia Pacific, said that cybercrimes don’t only cost victims financially but emotionally too. On average, it takes 10 days for a victim to recover from a cybercrime and it can be emotional too considering the amount of data they lose,† he said at the launch of Norton 2012, Symantec’s latest cybersecurity solution. However, victims could have saved themselves money and regret as the type of cybercrimes they fell victim to were preventable. The report found that the most common type of cybercrimes are malware, scams and threats targeted at mobile devices. However many people tend to underestimate the dangers of online crime thinking that it will happen to everyone else but themselves. The survey found that seven out of 10 adults thought they would more likely be a victim of physical crime rather than an online crime. â€Å"This is a lingering attitude users have when they are offline and it gets replicated when they are online,† Effendy said. The report also found that men, particularly those in the generation Y demographic, are most likely to become victims of cybercrimes. â€Å"Men spend more time online and do more ‘dangerous’ activities,† Effendy said. The report stated that more men watch adult content, gamble and participate in online dating sites compared to women. All these are social engineering techniques and it’s quite easy to fall victims to such tactics,† Effendy said. Local threat landscape Although Malaysia wasn’t in the list of countries studied in the report, national cyberspace police Cybersecurity Malaysia said the findings are representative of the Malaysian threat landscape. â€Å"It is the same environment, so whatever that is happening in the world will definitely affect us the same way,† said Cybersecurity Malaysia chief executive officer, Lt Col (Rtd) Prof Datuk Husin Jazri. He said the Malaysian cyberthreat landscape is no less alarming with over 10,000 cases reported every month up till August this year. Last year, Cybersecurity Malaysia received over 8,000 reports about cybercrime via its cyber999 hotline. Its Cyber Early Warning System has also detected over 5,000,000 security threats up until August. Given the increasing amount of cyberthreats, Husin said there is a need for more proactive measures to prevent more Internet users from becoming cybercrime victims and it will take more than reviewing or improving current cybersecurity laws. â€Å"Amending laws take time and it is slower than the prevailing problem. We need to intensify education and awareness efforts to educate users on Internet risks,† he said. Husin said Cybersecurity Malaysia is open to the idea of working with security solution providers like Symantec to come up with cybersecurity awareness programmes. Cybersecurity Malaysia already has a list of home-made security tools such as DontPhishMe, DNSwatch and MyPHPiPs that protects users from cybercriminals which can be downloaded for free. It is also working on establishing a Cyber Clinic which will offer an extensive list of cybersecurity services to computer users. The clinic is expected to be ready before the end of the year.

The Positive Impact Of Olympic Economics Essay

The Positive Impact Of Olympic Economics Essay The birthplace of Ancient Olympic Games is Ancient Greece which is called as the Olympic Festival and it was held every four years. Due to the sacrifices of animals were made, a number of the sport competitions occurred which include stadium race, boxing, wrestling, horse riding events and pentathlon such as running, jumping, discus, javelin and wrestling. The winners of the competition were crowned wreath of wild olive and also get great honor. All the Greeks were being allowed to enter into the competition except for the slaves and barbarians. The ancient Olympic Festival was continued until the end of Greek Empire over two thousand years ago. (Technology Student, 2004) Baron Pierre de Coubertin which is the founder of the modern Olympic Games, said that the most important of Olympic Games is to take part in but not to win, as the most important things in life is struggle but not victory. The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896 which has been chosen as recognition of Greek Festival. Its purpose is to create games in order to ensure that people around the world would compete and meet in friendly atmosphere. The meaning of the modern Olympic is the athlete from each country takes an oath In the name of all competitors, I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams at the opening of the ceremony. The aim of Olympic movement is the goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practiced without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play. The head office of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is located in Lausanne and Switzerland in order to manage and control the Olympic Movement and the members are from all around the world. The motto of Olympic is called Citius, Altius and Fortius in Latin which means faster, higher and stronger or braver. (Technology Student, 2004) The Objective of Olympic: The objective of Olympic is strived to promote Olympic Games which meets the standards of sustainable development and also respect the environment. The Olympic Games are to promote sustainable development in sports and needs. Besides that, the Olympic Games also promotes positive legacy to the host cities to the Host countries. (Wiki Answers, 2013) Positive Impact of Olympic: Besides being a sport, Olympics also affect business and hosting countries which are businesses can gain from Olympic such as increasing sales, advertisements and reputation through sponsorships. All the companies, sponsorships and investors of the world are focused on Olympics Games in order to help all the business to increase sales. Hosting the Olympic Games can bring many benefits for the host country which can be divided into either short term or long term. The short term of economic benefits including of the fresh cash flow from the visitors who visit the host country, athletes, officials, training activities, cultural events and media activities linked to the Olympics and the formation of Olympic committee. There have three major categories of long term economic benefits for hosting Olympic Games which are including the creation of infrastructure is reaching the global standards, the concern of the international community through media and related to the community. (Globalrp E conomy Issue, 2013) Short term economic benefits are likely as the total changes that occur in terms of revenue, employment and total national output through foreign investments. The first national economic impact will lead to the fact that the host country will be required to produce more services and goods. Therefore, the goods will be consumed to the athletes and the official themselves. The international visitors will need to consume the industrial products. Besides that, that Olympic also include of media personalities of nationally and internationally and these groups will also need to consume goods and services by the host country. There will be also many sponsors participate in Olympic Games and they will also required to consume the commodities. Therefore, the total amount of additional revenue will come from the sales of production of goods by the host country and the above mentioned groups will form a huge of direct economic benefits from the hosting Olympic country. (Globalrp Economy Issue, 2013) Another short term of positive impact of Olympic is some tourists may be interested when seeing the host countys website during the Olympic Games and after. Therefore, there will be large amounts of revenues from those visitors. Research indicated that hosting Olympic country can earn 823 dollars from visitors who visit or access the host country within the first twenty days prior of Olympics and twenty days after the Olympic. (Globalrp Economy Issue, 2013) In addition, the positive impact of Olympic is providing job opportunities or employment. We should not be underestimates the level of creating the employment opportunities from the host country. In fact, an economic estimate in Atlanta, Georgia which is a state that organized the Olympic), the result shows that about seventy seven thousands of employment opportunities were been created. The hotel industry and lodging take up the largest part of creating the job opportunities. Besides that, the food industry such as bars also provides job opportunities. Additionally, the construction sector also will be provided jobs since there will be additional infrastructure such as new buildings. (Globalrp Economy Issue, 2013) The long term economic benefits from hosting the Olympic Games can be as legacy of host country. The first legacy will be considered of facilities built specifically for Olympics. After the Olympic Games, the facilities can be continuing operation for many years. The host country needs to build a top level of Stadium in order to meet the international standards. In fact, Georgia was hosting the Olympic Games in year 1996 and the stadium was costing them approximately 189 million US dollars which is consider as quite good investment since the rate of return greater than investments. (Globalrp Economy Issue, 2013) Another important positive impact is the fact of hosting the Olympics will be exposure for the host country through excessive media and the hosting country will be able to seen by the World. Therefore, their strengths will be reflected in their marketing efforts and this will greatly increase their tourism industry the next few years. Additionally, there will be also exposure in business aspects in order to attract investors come and invest in host country. (Globalrp Economy Issue, 2013) As a host country, London Olympic Games was the worlds hottest spot in 2012. Olympic is an important and massive event that a collection of athletes, media, visitors and politicians from all around the world which is definitely a prestigious role city. According to London, the Olympic Games provided positive impact to the larger businesses in London although there is not reach the extent that had anticipated. But according to the survey of 100 large companies by Deloitte which is the official professional services provider to London 2012. Since the beginning of the Olympic Games, 42% of companies reported that an increase in demand and 77% of retailers increase in demand from the new customers. This result preparation and planning was paid off. Naturally, the greatest advantage is the increasing in Tourism industry. According to London, it was been attracted approximately 300,000 of foreigners and also about 5.5 million day trippers during Olympic Games. (The Consultant Eu, 2013) Another fact was according to Beijing China in 2008, the number of visitors or tourists were rising rapidly. This result shows that Olympic brings the host country to increase the visibility. According to Chen Jian who is the president of Beijing Olympic Economic Research Association was estimated that Beijing was received about 600000 foreign visitors and 2.5 million from Chinas domestic tourists during the Olympic Games along with the number of foreign visitors in Beijing will grow 8% to 9% annually. Besides that, a foreign country student who studying in Beijing was experienced the craze of Olympic Summer by the improvements in infrastructures and commercial services during the Olympic Opening Ceremony. In addition, the number of hotels in Beijing has also increasing in the recent years. That is because since China was entered the WTO and won the Olympic bid, therefore the country was reduced the hotel ownership restrictions. Furthermore, the recruitment in Beijing Olympic sponsor s, partners, suppliers and others companies also wants to take the benefits of the Olympic buzz in Beijing in order to contribute in increasing of advertisement. (Business Today, 2013) The third fact was according to Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 were praised as the best Olympic Games because Sydney not only did achievements on improving the environment, improve urban construction, promote the development of transportation, real estate and tourism, but it also promote the host citys international reputation. Sydney brought a considerable sum of profits and motivated promote the follow-up industrial development of tourism, transportation and real estate. Especially, it brought the huge number of direct revenues about 2,605 million US dollars which is the most profitable in Olympic Games. Additionally, it stimulated about 500 thousands tourists. (Bitstream, 2013) Negative Impact of Olympic: The Olympics prestige not only goes along with economic benefits, it also does in downfalls and significant risks which should not be ignored. Therefore, hosting the Olympic Games is very important to the hosting country. To host the Olympic Games is a huge responsible for the country or city due to having a huge risk because the hosting country invested a large amount of money in the games but they do not know about how many visitors coming for the Games. Therefore, they are risking funds without having a backup plan if there is less visitors in the Games. The Olympic Games also will influence the population of the city about one or two months. The city will be crowded of traffic and interrupt the daily of the citizens due to many visitors. Besides that, when the country hosting the Olympic Games, everything must be near perfect such as the street must be clean and in good condition, the stadium must be neat, the hotels must have sufficient reservations for the visitors. This is all about money. However, the money from the visitors or tourists is not enough to support the wastage. Therefore, the country invests a large sum of money in order to keep the city or country clean and well present during the Olympic Games. If any problem occurs during the Olympic Games, the country has to waste money to fix it. Hosting Olympic Games brings disadvantages to the hosting country especially for poor countries because waste of resources with could for used for the welfare of citizens, corruptions, benefits to go to people in power and business but the poor suffer. Therefore, hosting Olympic Games are waste of resource and money. The money should used for more important things such as improving infrastructure, curing malaria and providing proper education for children and adults from poorer countries. A lots of money are spend on Olympic Games just to watch athletes participate in the Games, but the money can actually donate to the charities in order to helping people in the world. (Debate, 2013) Besides that, another negative impact is social impacts which are cumulative and a wide range of over space and time. Olympic Games may change the significant and the impact assessment become complicating due to the long lead times, dimension and natural of the event. The changes will affect the increasing in congestion, evictions, increasing in prices such as increasing in land rental value. The negative effect of Olympic Games comes from expenditures on transports infrastructure, facilities, housing, safety measures and maintenance in order to meet the requirements or demands of the International Olympic Committee and also to impress to the public. According in London, the total budget comes up to  £9.325 billion. This result estimates that the costs of Olympic Games are difficult tasks. This was result in the final budget was exceeded by  £5.906 billion of the projected budget from the bid in November 2004. Besides that, the expenditure of security had to double. At the same time, there has been twelve fold rises in the management fees by UK Parliament. Therefore, it has been claimed that spending is higher than expected which has been exceeded the positive impacts on economy of United Kingdom. (Merar, 2010-2013) Evidence was in Athens Olympic Games in 2004 was failed to motivate the economic growths due to lack of publicity or promotion and a large number of expenditures. According to Wang and Chen who said about the large amount of expenditure was about 12 million US dollars which is a big debt will be paid for about 10 years. The amount of expenditure was more than double of the budget. Besides that, the Olympic gymnasiums and facilities were not invested until 2000. Therefore the postponed construction led to large amount of costs and inefficiency. This result shows that Olympic Games indeed have a significant impact on the economic development of the host cities. (Bitstream, 2013) Besides that, evidence was showed that the United State government was investigated the BHP Billiton Ltd which is the world top mining company possible of corrupt practices and it was being one of the sponsorship of Beijing Olympics Games 2008. According to Fairfax reported that between 2000 until 2008, BHP Billiton Ltd spent millions of dollars on sponsorship deal of Olympic Games. Conclusion: As a conclusion, I would like to conclude that Olympic Games bring positive impacts and negative impacts to the hosting country that result show the Olympic Games are more than a sport because there are included in cultural, political and economic phenomena. Particularly interest to see Olympic as a tourism attraction, marketing opportunity, media event, the catalyst for urban renewal and development and also was the inspiration for youth and generating a force for peace and understanding of international as well. In fact, it can be said that there value-added, non mainly on sporting, roles which makes Olympic Games becomes unique at the international level and in order to continued survive probably depends on their continuing to play these roles. For example, according to Sir Roger Bannister (1988) who is the Olympic athlete first man to run a mile within four minutes and later became British Sport Minister was discussing about Olympic Games will moves towards the changes but still remain the greatest hopes of the world. Besides that, Olympic is in the deepest interests of the world of the future for them to be continuing. (Google Books) Furthermore, Olympic Games are much more than a show, the games are open to the world and the entire country has the opportunity to take part in numerous activities such as the marching of the flame throughout the country, cultural activities, educational projects and local volunteer services.