International Institutions and Realism

Becky, Tam Hing Lui Prof. Chan Ding GPEC 5002 Challenges to the Global System: Insecurity of the World 17 November 2012 HOW CAN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FACILITATE COOPERATION? WHAT WOULD A REALIST SAY ABOUT INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS? Countries call for participation particularly during and after emergency. One model was the Bretton Wood framework made in 1944, with the reason to restore the worldwide economy after the genuine harm in WWII. After the 2008 money related emergency, countries again requested increasingly worldwide guidelines and observing on the worldwide budgetary framework and proposed the â€Å"Bretton Wood II†.When we step back and reconsider, does the universal system encourage collaboration between countries to comprehend worldwide issues? The school of Liberalism puts more accentuation on the job of global establishments. Robert Keohane characterized foundations as â€Å"persistent and associated sets of rules, both formal and casual, that recommend co nduct jobs, oblige action, and shape expectations† (1). By definition, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, World Trade Organization (WTO) are formal foundation while Bretton Wood Agreement, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are informal.Under the insurgency condition in the worldwide stage, it is conceivable to encourage collaboration through the foundation of universal associations by two explicit highlights: Centralization and Independence (2). It is the freedom and impartial trait of the worldwide associations that upgrade the authenticity of its activities, causing states ready to assemble and approve the global associations to incorporate the exercises and at last accomplish collaboration. This decreases exchange expenses and increment efficiency.Institutions organize exercises including setting up discussions and meetings, overseeing meaningful tasks, standard elaboration, impartial data supplier, going about as trustee/mediator, intercession and a uthorization (2). We have recognized 5 mark universal foundations (IMF, World Bank, Bretton Wood System, GATT, WTO) as models beneath to delineate how the direct of the previously mentioned exercises through the global associations encourage collaboration in the cutting edge history. (I) IMF, World Bank, the Bretton Wood System and GATTBoth IMF and World Bank were built up since the Bretton Wood framework started. After WWII, nations experienced poor economy as worldwide creation and exchange were hosed during the war time frame. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, nations endeavored to support their bombing economies by forcefully raising boundaries to outside exchange, downgrading their monetary forms to go up against one another for trade advertises, and reducing their residents' opportunity to hold remote trade. These endeavors end up being foolish. World exchange declined pointedly, and business and expectations for everyday comforts dove in numerous nations (3).There was solid normal enthusiasm among the states to help up the economy. To encourage exchange and creation, a stable money related framework is essential and this is the place the Bretton Wood framework started. The US started to lead the pack to balance out the worldwide money related framework by pegging USD into gold at a fixed rate (USD35/ounce of gold) while the staying 44 nations consented to keep their trade rates pegged to USD at rates that could be balanced uniquely to address a â€Å"fundamental disequilibrium† to be decided of installments, and just with the IMF's agreement.The IMF in this way turned into the free freeing house from the parity of installments and to guarantee the conversion scale component filled in as determined. Worldwide Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), presently the World Bank Group guarantee private credits to animate economy. Both the associations acquired the authenticity from their autonomy and impartiality subsequently had the opt ion to deal with the considerable tasks between states proficiently and successfully. Individuals in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) conceded to decrease in taxes and exchange hindrances among members.The GATT, in contrast to the IMF and World Bank, was not a free association but instead a discussion inside which nations met. This gives a stage to elites to arrange and agree and maintain a strategic distance from clashes and unfriendly rivalry. With the GATT adjusts held somewhere in the range of 1947 and 1967, most obstructions have been expelled and levies have been the least. With the Bretton Wood structure set up alongside the recently settled universal establishments which give free market, long haul capital and stable financial framework, worldwide exchange and creation detonated during the period.Over the initial 25 after war years, the volume of world exchange multiplied at regular intervals (4). This has been demonstrated as a fruitful universal collaboration in the cutting edge history. (II) World Trade Organization (WTO) Established under the Marrakech Agreement in 1995, the Geneva based WTO supplanted GATT as the focal point of world exchange framework. Its center standards are to advance market progression, non-segregation and give lawful structure to worldwide exchange. Same as GATT, it gives discussion to exchange dealings and oversees exchange agreements.In expansion, WTO additionally supplies system through which governments may resolve exchange debates, survey and spread the national exchange arrangements, give helpful information and data, and to guarantee the rationality and straightforwardness of exchange strategies through observation worldwide financial approach making. The Decision making process is straightforward, rules based and individuals driven. Every part government has one vote. WTO individuals have concurred that, on the off chance that they accept individual individuals are damaging exchange rules, they will util ize the multilateral arrangement of settling questions as opposed to making a move unilaterally.The Dispute Settlement Board comprises of the Appellate Body, the WTO Secretariat, authorities, autonomous specialists and a few specific organizations (WTO site). As per WTO information, world product sends out worth over $5 trillion of every 1998. In genuine terms, that speaks to a 18-crease increment more than 1948. Fares of produces were multiple times bigger than 50 years sooner. Over a similar period, world yield grew 8-overlay, and world creation of produces 10-crease. It is the free and reasonable dynamic procedure and the nonpartisan question settlement instrument given the authenticity of WTO to pull in members.The checking job and contest settlement system permit states to defeat â€Å"market failures† in global relations. Henceforth WTO can completely play out its capacities to encourage collaboration so as to advance exchange. From the above models, universal foundatio ns while keeping up freedom and lack of bias, advance states collaboration and accomplish targets by expanding the productivity of aggregate exercises, diminishing clashes, encouraging correspondences and arrangement and usage of understandings. Pragmatist a had distinctive translation in the job of these global institutions.Traditional pragmatists perceive that foundations are an imperative piece of the scene of world legislative issues. Customary authenticity evaluate the viability of foundations in 2 different ways (5): [A] Institution as instruments of strengthening empower hagemon to govern others and to oversee local and world undertakings more adequately and effectively than would be conceivable in their nonattendance. [B] Institution as imperative, for example, level of influence legislative issues and Concert discretion control and direct Great Power conduct as per the built up rules of the game. We will proceed with the case of 1944 Bretton Wood System to represent the ove r 2 focuses below.Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, the planner of the Bretton Wood System, was disillusioned by the last development of the Bretton Woods organizations, for Keynes accepted that the government officials were distorting the first thoughts. The last structure ensured transcendence of the US because of different reasons remembering accentuation for USD by connecting all monetary standards to USD, strength of US power in the weighted rate vote in IMF. Nonetheless, this is inescapable in the real factors of intensity legislative issues as US was the bank while rest of the world were the borrower and US was the main superpower at that time.This clarified the point An over that the hagemon (US) strength to control others and ready to deal with the universal exchange and money related framework all the more adequately and effectively by placing the states into the Bretton Wood understanding and foundation of the organizations. The US and different states were obli ged inside the understanding and checking by the foundations as depicted in the above point B. While US obliged different states by the ensured prevalence in the framework, US simultaneously was compelled by losing its opportunity on residential approach as USD is pegged at a fixed rate to gold.Neorealists will in general minimize the job of foundations on participation. John Mearsheimer portrayed worldwide establishment as â€Å"a set of decides that specify the manners by which states ought to coordinate and contend with one another† and cases that foundations â€Å"matter just on the margins† and â€Å"have insignificant effect on state behavior† (6). Auxiliary pragmatists in the Waltzian vein additionally gave little consideration to worldwide foundations. Neorealists contend that organization cause states to carry on in manners they in any case would not act, for instance previous present moment, personal responsibility for long haul network objectives (Jer vis 1983).In difference, neoliberals guarantee that foundations matter since they empower states to do things they in any case couldn't do, that is, accomplish shared additions from participation. Neorealists conceptualize establishments as imperatives on state conduct; neoliberals consider them to be empowering states to reach commonly helpful, agreeable results. Neorealists accentuation on relative increase

The Best War Ever essays

The Best War Ever expositions Snappy, what is your preferred war? In the event that you are in any way similar to the American masses, you are probably going to state World War II. During wartime America was viewed as at its prime. America industry was blasting, American warriors were the most grounded on earth, and the country was joined as an all around incorporated family. These pictures, which were additionally glamorized by Hollywood and the media, incited individuals to build up a positive perspective on the war for a considerable length of time to come. In spite of these convictions, World War II really was not such an incredible war. To concede World War II the subtle title of the best war ever, we should disregard the bombings and the horrifying taking on conflicts while misrepresenting just the beneficial things. In his book The Best War Ever, Michael C.C. Adams moves the peruser to scrutinize their considerations and encounters relating to America and World War II. A great many people don't have direct understanding and go just by what they have seen and gotten notification from the media, which makes the outcome a tidied up, cosmetically upgraded adaptation of reality(Adams 9). Adams endeavors to expose the fantasies relating to the confusion of alluring fight conditions, the best battling weapons, and an ideal home front so as to show that World War II misses the mark concerning being recognized as the Great War. The primary fantasy relating to the war manages the characteristically delineated upbeat fighter. The United States Army was thought of as the most progressive in battling capacity, weapons, and evidently held to a better quality of morals on the front. Since, except for Pearl Harbor, there were no fights battled on American land, Americans were not allowed the chance to see the awful conditions that troopers suffered on the front. The battle officer was constrained every day to watch his individual man battle to live, pass on, and later rot. Conditions for fighters far surpassed poor. The trooper once in a while ate ... <!

The Champaign Summer

The Champaign Summer I returned home last summer after my first year at Illinois  to work, catch up with old friends, and relax. I needed it. This year, however, I decided I was ready for a new experience: the Champaign Summer. I wanted to spend my summer here in sunny Champaign-Urbana for a few reasons: 1. To become more independent. This, frankly, is the biggest reason why I made the move to Champaign. While I enjoyed living at home last summer, I knew I was ready for even more independence throughout the year. So far, that has proven to be true in more ways than I anticipated. I’m now in charge of all of my meals (I was on a meal plan this past school year), my schedule (I often work from home for my internship), and essentially all other “adult” things that you can be doing at 19. Im no celebrity chef yet, but Im on my way. 2. Champaign is the perfect bridge between home and a big city. Champaign, to me, felt like the perfect bridge between going back home to Connecticut and spending the summer in a major city. One of my favorite parts about Illinois is that it offers opportunities year round for all students. For example, I am a business development intern at a startup website and am taking a few classes through a local community college. My roommate is interning at a Fortune 100 company in our Research Park, and another friend is taking chemistry classes through the summer options available at Illinois. Therefore, for many students, staying on campus is a great way to get ahead and experience our university in a whole new way. Research Park at Illinois 3. You can explore C-U a lot more during the summer. There’s a lot to do here in Champaign-Urbana, and most students probably don’t know/experience a lot of it due to their commitments during the school year. I’ve already taken the time to explore a bit more of the trendy downtowns of both Champaign and Urbana, our local nature (check out Barnhart Prairie Restoration), and some new restaurants on Green Street and beyond. There’s a lot going on here all year long, and summer is a great time to look around. Downtown Champaign Over the course of the summer I’ll spend more time delving into each of these topics, but I thought I’d start with my pitch for Champaign. Steven Class of 2019 I’m from New Canaan, Connecticut. I'm studying Management Entrepreneurship in the Gies College of Business and Political Science in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Ideas of Nature Versus Nurture in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein

When asked this question; are people born blank slates that are formed by experiences and their surrounding environment, or are we born with specific traits? This brings up the question of genetics; can people be born with evil traits? As Mary Shelley writes Frankenstein, we can see little details in Victor’s childhood that could indicate he was shaped by his surroundings and not born with evil characteristics. As children grow up they start to form ideas about what is good, bad, and right or wrong, just like Victor does as he admires his father and his job. Most children follow in their parent’s footsteps in some sort of way, and since Victor’s parents were shown to be noble and smart, he took this as that is how he should be. If Victor were born with negative traits, he would not have wanted to follow in his parent’s footsteps. The reason for him creating the monster was because of his surroundings at Ingolstadt. His professors, such as, â€Å"M. Krempe, professor of natural philosophy. He was an uncouth man, but deeply embued in the secrets of his science†¦ The professor stared: ‘Have you,’ he said, ‘really spent your time in studying such nonsense?’† (Shelley 51) pushed the new ways of science on him causing him to see the possibilities of modern society. The movie portrays this more than the book does, which is good. We see Victor’s professor try to keep him away from the notes and readings on how to create life; if Victor never saw these notes, would he have been able toShow MoreRelatedMary Shelleys Frankenstein1689 Words   |  7 PagesSon, Frankenstein. The novel I have chosen to discuss is Frankenstein. Written in 1818 by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein is classified as a gothic novel, however, Shelly uses both realist and non-realist techniques. I will be looking at her reasons for writing the novel and what influenced her, as well as the realist and non-realist techniques used. 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Nature represents the biological qualities that organisms inherit at birth, while nurture represents the qualities that organisms acquire Read More‚Äà ²for Me, the Story Is Less a Horror‚Ä ¶Than a Larger Than Life Gothic Fairytale‚Äà ´ (Kenneth Brannagh) How Far and in What Ways Do You Agree with This Description of the Text?1960 Words   |  8 Pagesyou agree with this description of the text? Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a novel which forces the reader to question whether it is a simple horror story or whether it is a gothic fairytale of many depths. Frankenstein is considered by many critics as the first modern horror story ever written, and it opened a whole new world of ideas for novels and has inspired many similar works since its publication in 1818. As we see by the prelude, Shelley’s first ambition is to horrify the reader as sheRead MoreEssay about The Reasons for Victor Frankensteins Emotional Turmoil1140 Words   |  5 Pagesand 10. 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According to psychology.about.com: The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest philosophical issues within psychology†¦nature refers to all of the genes and hereditary factors that influence who we are – from our physical appearance to our personality characteristics [while] nurture refers to all the environmental variables that impact who we are, including our early childhood experiences, how we were raisedRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Chapters 5 and 11-16 in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1519 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelley wrote Frankestein when she was 18, in 1816 but it was published in 1818. Frankenstein is about a man, Victor Frankenstein, who is obsessed with science and who learns how to create life and creates a being in the likeness of man. The being is referred to as ‘the creation’ or just Frankenstein. Mary Shelley was married to Percy Bysshe Shelley who was a Romantic Poet and a great philosopher. In this essay I’ll be comparing and contrasting chapters 5 an d 11 – 16 and exploring the language

Chili Peppers Essay - 1261 Words

Sometimes the things that irritate the body can be the most helpful to it. At least, this is the case for the active component of chili peppers. An irritant for many animals, including humans, the component capsaicin causes the peppers to taste â€Å"hot† (Mason, 2004). This aspect of the chili pepper causes the neurons to be excited and increases the sensitivity, which causes itchiness and burning sensations (Mason, 2004). These sensations are the defense mechanisms by chili peppers to protect it from being eaten by other species. So how could something that creates an instant negative response in the body be good for it? When extracted and used in a unique method, the capsaicin that creates a burning sensation can actually bring a better†¦show more content†¦The capsaicin treatment was considerably more successful than the placebo for both sections of participants. Side effects were seen in 54% of the patients using capsaicin. One version of this study was done befo re but this study gave a lower effective level than the previous study. This study is difficult to have a double blind study because there is a stinging feeling when the topical treatment is applied. The result was that for every six neuropathic patients, one patient would benefit from the treatment. For every eight musculoskeletal patients, one person would benefit. Capsaicin is a great last hope for those patients who have gone through years of pain and will go through years of more. Although the pain may not be completely subsided, the little amount of help is still more of what these patients want. In addition, a major plus side to capsaicin is that it is an over-the-counter treatment for the topical treatment. In conclusion, while there are other more effective treatments for chronic pain, for those whom nothing else works it is the best method, as â€Å"even a small reduction in pain can be beneficial† (Mason, 2004). What does this really mean for the patients of chronic pain? If there are better treatments available, why choose capsaicin? The difference between capsaicin and other treatments is that this treatment can be applied to the skin. For example, oral intake is an alternative treatment for say for postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), which causesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Red Hot Chili Peppers1622 Words   |  7 PagesRed Hot Chili Peppers A passion for foods from the American Southwest is sweeping through the country. The main component and most popular item of this fad is the chili pepper, an item of tremendous variability and a staple of many people in Central America. In this country, chili peppers were once only found in specialized ethnic stores, but now it is just as likely to be found at the neighborhood Kroger. For most people, however, their knowledge stops here. Through this paper I hope to educateRead MoreThe Insecticidal Potential of Chili Pepper Leaf Extract Against Termites1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe Insecticidal Potential of Chili Pepper Leaf Extract Against Termites Abstract. The goal of this research is to determine the insecticidal effects of chili pepper leaf extract on termites. Chili pepper leaves were collected then air-dried and oven-dried until brittle. The leaves were then pulverized and milled using the Willey mill. After this, the powdered leaves were boiled in water and filtered. After the preparation of the extract, termites were gathered in two containers. One of the containersRead MoreEfficacy Of Tea Tree Oil1722 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiment was designed to examine the efficacy of naturally occurring antimicrobials against common bacteria located in a normal human microbiome. 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There are also some main crops: barley, rice, coffee, cotton, sugar, etc. (Nichols, 1985, p.10-12) †¢ Fauna : Picture 5-1: Yucatan Mexican Hairless Pigs (hoobly, 2014) A large quantities of cattle, sheep and goats are raisedRead MoreInvestigatory Project in Biology1650 Words   |  7 PagesANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHILI (CAPSICUM ANNUM) EXTRACT An Investigatory Research Presented to Mrs. Presented by CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study . Capsicum annuum is a domesticated species of the plant genus Capsicum native to southern North America and northern South America. Chili has been a part of the human diet in the Americas sinceRead MoreParadise Kitchen1004 Words   |  5 Pagesline of microwaveable Southwestern/Mexican style frozen chili products called Howlin Coyote Chili. Before starting Paradise Kitchens, Inc., Randall spent 15 years working for General Foods and Pillsbury with many different responsibilities. 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Analysis of Meno’s Question to Socrates Free Essays

In Plato’s dialogue, Meno, Socrates is asked a paradoxical question about what virtue is by Meno. â€Å"How will you enquire, Socrates, into that which you do not know? What will you put forth as the subject of enquiry? And if you find what you want, how will you ever know that this is the thing which you did not know? † Socrates retorts that if you already know what you are searching for, then you do not have to search. Alternatively, if you do not know what you are looking for, the search is indeed futile. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Meno’s Question to Socrates or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, Socrates attempts to explain to Meno why it is that he will be able to find what virtue is by introducing the idea that knowledge is inherent in the individual as it is passed along through the soul. When Meno demands proof of this concept, Socrates provides an example of a slave boy using â€Å"inherent knowledge† to calculate the length of a square needed to double it’s own area. This experiment shows Meno that virtue, along with other knowledge, can indeed be discovered through the inherent knowledge in one’s soul, and only has to be â€Å"remembered† to become of use. When Meno proposes his argument to Socrates that a search for what you do not know is impossible, he is reasoning that if one does not know what it is they are trying to find, one will never know if they have found it. Meno seeks to understand how an individual can find new knowledge if they have no clue how to find it or how to comprehend the discovery of it. Socrates acknowledges Meno’s argument and states that â€Å"man cannot enquire either about that which he knows, or about that which he does not know; for if he knows, he has no need to enquire; and if not, he cannot; for he does not know the very subject about which he is to enquire† (Meno, Plato). Meno believes that this proves his own argument, but Socrates proposes an alternate way to attain knowledge. Socrates speaks of â€Å"priests and priestesses† who â€Å"say that the soul of man is immortal† (Meno, Plato). Also, he says the soul has kept all the knowledge from previous â€Å"lives† that it has had, and therefore knowledge is obtained through recollection instead of learning. Socrates attempts to prove his theory by providing an example with one of Meno’s slaves. His experiment is simple. Socrates calls over a slave boy and asks him about squares. The boy knows has some knowledge of the properties of squares including the fact that they have four equal sides, they can be divided in half, and the area is equal to the side multiplied by the other side. However, when Socrates asks the boy to determine the length of a side necessary to double the area of a 2Ãâ€"2 foot square, the boy mistakenly says 4 feet (which would yield a square 4 times too large). The slave proposes a length of three feet, but is wrong again. Here Socrates makes a note of the â€Å"torpedo’s touch† (Meno, Plato) or â€Å"aporia† (Aporia, Burbules), which means that the boy knows that he does not know. Socrates states that this state of mind is better than believing false knowledge, because one will know that there is knowledge to seek. Socrates maintains that throughout the experiment he was never teaching the slave, but only asking of his opinions. Therefore, the knowledge that the slave called upon must have already been inherent if he had not learned it before (since slaves had little education the boy was the perfect example for Socrates to demonstrate this â€Å"inborn knowledge. ) Socrates makes his argument clear: if the slave had no knowledge of what is was he was searching for (the length of the side), and the information was not taught to the boy, then the information must have already been inherent in the boy’s soul. Here is Socrates’ argument in Premise/Conclusion form: P: Slave isn’t taught. P: Slave has no prior knowledge. P: Immortal soul contains knowledge. C: Knowledge must come from one’s immortal soul. P: You do not know what you are trying to find. P: You are not taught what you are trying to find. P: Your soul contains inherent knowledge. C: You can find what you are searching for through recollection of the knowledge â€Å"stored† in your soul. Socrates’ proofs are meant to enforce his views that knowledge such as virtue must be searched for, â€Å"that a man should enquire about that which he does not know† (Meno, Plato). Citations: Burbules, Nicholas C. â€Å"Aporias, Webs, and Passages: Doubt as an Opportunity to Learn. † Curriculum Inquiry 30. 2 (2000): n. pag. Aporia. 2000. Web. 12 Sept. 2012. . Plato, and R. S. Bluck. Meno. Cambridge [Eng. : University, 1961. N. pag. Print. How to cite Analysis of Meno’s Question to Socrates, Essay examples

Privacy in the Workplace Essays - Software, Labour Relations

Privacy in the Workplace Joshua Reynolds Everest University Privacy in the Workplace Under what conditions, if any, does an employer have a legal right to discipline or discharge an employee for comments the employee makes about the company? Would it matter if the comments were posted to a company-sponsored Internet forum, rather than Facebook? Would it matter if the comments were posted to a union-sponsored forum accessible only to members? Why or why not? As can be seen in this article, issues of Facebook and Twitter and what employees can and cannot say on those platforms is a very contentious and unsettled legal area at this point. There are many companies that have fired people for what they have said on social media outlets. However, there appears to be an inclination on the part of the government to reduce companies' ability to fire people for these reasons. However, as is shown by the last line of the article, there is considerable gray area. That means that this answer is only a very general outline of what is presumably legal and illegal. The basic idea that the government appears to be going by today is that workers must be allowed to post things on social media that seem to be connected to efforts to reform their workplace. What this means is that employers are not supposed to be able to fire workers for (as an example) bringing up issues that workers have with their employers and for inviting coworkers to discuss those issues. Companies may not like this because it tends to make them look bad, but they are supposed to allow it. On the other hand, workers are not protected if their speech is deemed to be mere "venting." In other words, if a worker is just expressing anger over some aspect of their work, they can be disciplined or fired. From this we can see the problem with trying to really pin down what is and is not permissible. There can be a great deal of gray area concerning what constitutes venting and what constitutes an attempt at reform. If you were representing the company in this case and the NLRB regional director asked if you would be willing to settle the union's charges voluntarily, would you do so or would you insist on your legal right to a formal NLRB hearing on the charges. Explain your reasoning. Did the company commit an unfair labor practice by, discharging Nelson for her Facebook postings, denying Nelson an opportunity to meet with her local union representative during an investigatory meeting with her supervisor, or enforcing an overly broad blogging and Internet use policy? I would fight this because the company should have given Nelson a fair trial and allowed for the union representative to be there. The whole purpose of having a union representative is so the person that the union is representation doesn't have to deal with anything legal that is going on. I do think that the company may have gone a little over board with their actions and if I were Nelson I would contact a lawyer and sued. References: Holley, W.H. Ross, W.H. (2017). The Labor Relations Process. (11th edition.) Mason,OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. ISBN: 9781337521727